Francis Foster

Several people are injured.

I think one or two are killed.

And it made worldwide news.

Half a city block was burnt or damaged by the explosion.

And if the dynamite had been placed slightly better, the deaths would have been far more numerous.

And ultimately, the Justice Department investigates and discovers a ring of bombers associated with the unions.

And this did not help unions appeal.

The journalists wanted to be free to write what they saw, what they heard, what they felt, what they thought.

Doesn't mean these people were saints, but that's what they wanted.

They wanted that freedom of movement.

And unions wanted a more formalized, controlled structure.

And these early violent acts actually slowed down their appeal.

But by 1933, they had their first major newspaper unionized.

And between the 1930s, under the New Deal in the United States, and by the early 60s, they had basically unionized all television, all radio, and all the major newspapers in the United States.

And of course, the news wires, the Associated Press, and Reuters were unionized this time.

all under the same union.

So now you have a cartel.

Ultimately, this union fractures, and there's a couple of major news unions.

But the News Guild of America was the dominant union at this time.

And with unionization comes resistance to change and certain habits of mind which don't like dissent.