Gad Barnea

When you think about this.

Well, you talk about academic and religious. These are going to be different things.

Well, you talk about academic and religious. These are going to be different things.

Well, you talk about academic and religious. These are going to be different things.

So the religious – I can't talk too much about the religious because there's a lot of different – and I know that – I mean like really kind of fundamentalist religious folks would say, well, Judaism started with Abraham really, right? So it's about 2000 before the common era, somewhere like that.

So the religious – I can't talk too much about the religious because there's a lot of different – and I know that – I mean like really kind of fundamentalist religious folks would say, well, Judaism started with Abraham really, right? So it's about 2000 before the common era, somewhere like that.

So the religious – I can't talk too much about the religious because there's a lot of different – and I know that – I mean like really kind of fundamentalist religious folks would say, well, Judaism started with Abraham really, right? So it's about 2000 before the common era, somewhere like that.

And then they'll go forward from that.

And then they'll go forward from that.

And then they'll go forward from that.

I mean, yeah. Again, I can't talk too much about the religious perspective on this, but I think that that's what is said in certain circles. In academia, Judaism, I think now it's pretty much consensus that Judaism as such, meaning people who observe –

I mean, yeah. Again, I can't talk too much about the religious perspective on this, but I think that that's what is said in certain circles. In academia, Judaism, I think now it's pretty much consensus that Judaism as such, meaning people who observe –

I mean, yeah. Again, I can't talk too much about the religious perspective on this, but I think that that's what is said in certain circles. In academia, Judaism, I think now it's pretty much consensus that Judaism as such, meaning people who observe –

who observe these commandments such as the Sabbath and the Passover and all these feasts, tabernacles, et cetera, et cetera, and kosher diet and all of that. Follow the rules. All of these rules, second century before the common era. So second century BCE. That's where we start to see people observing this extra biblically.

who observe these commandments such as the Sabbath and the Passover and all these feasts, tabernacles, et cetera, et cetera, and kosher diet and all of that. Follow the rules. All of these rules, second century before the common era. So second century BCE. That's where we start to see people observing this extra biblically.

who observe these commandments such as the Sabbath and the Passover and all these feasts, tabernacles, et cetera, et cetera, and kosher diet and all of that. Follow the rules. All of these rules, second century before the common era. So second century BCE. That's where we start to see people observing this extra biblically.

Okay, in the Bible, that's a different story. But from what we start seeing extra-biblically, outside the Bible, from these primary sources that I talked about earlier, right? We talked about the ostraca, we talked about the documents that are written by the simple folk. That, you know, they trade things, they do all kinds of activities on the Sabbath, for example.

Okay, in the Bible, that's a different story. But from what we start seeing extra-biblically, outside the Bible, from these primary sources that I talked about earlier, right? We talked about the ostraca, we talked about the documents that are written by the simple folk. That, you know, they trade things, they do all kinds of activities on the Sabbath, for example.

Okay, in the Bible, that's a different story. But from what we start seeing extra-biblically, outside the Bible, from these primary sources that I talked about earlier, right? We talked about the ostraca, we talked about the documents that are written by the simple folk. That, you know, they trade things, they do all kinds of activities on the Sabbath, for example.

that are not permitted by the Torah. They do a lot of stuff that goes squarely against what is prescribed in the Torah, but we don't have anything to show adherence to the Torah. We have a lot of negative examples. But we don't have anything to show that they knew anything about the Torah at all in that time period.