James Manyika

But I think these are some of the things we're going to need to tackle in the near term.

And this is mostly, I've made that list mostly in the context of, say, an economy like the United States.

I think if you go outside of the United States and outside of the advanced economies, there's a different set of challenges.

So I'm talking about places outside of the OECD countries and China.

So you go to places like India, lots of parts of Africa and Latin America where you've got a very different problem, which is

demographically young populations.

China isn't, but India and most of Africa is, and parts of Latin America are.

And so there the challenge is a huge number of people are entering the workforce.

So the challenge there is how do you create work for them?

And that's a huge challenge, right?

So when you look at those places, the challenge is just how do you create enough jobs in very demographically young countries?

And the picture has now gotten a little bit more complicated in recent years than perhaps in the past.

Because in the past, the story was if you were a developing country, a poor developing country, your path to prosperity was to join the global economy, be part of either the labor supply or the cheap labor supply often, and go from being an agrarian country to an industrialized country.

And then ultimately, maybe someday you'll become a service economy, which most advanced economies are.

So that path of industrialization is less assured today than it used to be for a bunch of reasons.

Some of those reasons have to do with the fact that advanced economies now no longer seek cheap labor abroad as much as they used to.

right they still do for some sectors but not less so for many other sectors i mean so we're less likely to do that part of that is technology the fact that in some ways manufacturing has changed we can now going forward do things more like 3d printing and so forth so the industrialization path is less available to poor countries than it used to be in fact economists like danny rodrick have written about this and called it this kind of

premature deindustrialization challenge, which is facing many low-income countries.

So we have to think about what is the path for those countries.

And by the way, these are countries, if you think about it from the point of view of technology and AI in particular,