Jason Crawford

And so I tell the story because Pasteur is maybe the only example I know of where somebody actually spanned all three of the phases of the linear model that I set out in the beginning.

He was a scientist.

He invented techniques like vaccination.

And then when it came time, he scaled it up to distribute it to more people.

So again, he's a real hero of mine.

And an amazing career that integrated discovery and invention.

I think these examples demonstrate to us that science and technology should be tightly integrated in our programs and institutions for research.

We should think about this in training.

Do we train people for both roles?

In career paths, if somebody wants to pursue a role like what Pasteur did or those folks in Bell Labs where they combine discovery and invention, is there a way for them to do that?

Not sure there is a great way right now.

in our projects and programs, the institutions that house them, and the funding mechanisms that we have.

We need to make sure there are dollars that are not just earmarked for pure basic research and not only earmarked for development or engineering, but that we can spend on both.

Now, I've only begun to really investigate how this stuff used to be managed and how it is set up today, but it seems to me

Science and adventure are not as integrated in our world as they used to be.

Part of this is owing to the increase in specialization, of course.

Part of it is owing to the decline of corporate research labs.

There's really nothing quite like the labs anymore.

And maybe there are other factors as well.

I don't know what they all are, but I think this is, I'm just going to say this is, I don't have a big policy prescription here or anything, but I'm just going to say, I think this is a direction that we should look at when we're trying to figure out, you know, causes of stagnation and ways to accelerate progress.