John Martinis

Well, it turned out to be more than that, but look for tunneling.

That's right.

And that's the problem is that most macroscopic objects, when you try to think about the quantum mechanics, that won't happen.

Okay.

And what happens is if you look at an electrical circuit, then the parameters become favorable for seeing this kind of macroscopic behavior.

And, okay, it's hard to go into the whole physics of all that, but it's basically because you can make a circuit that operates...

at microwave frequencies.

So instead of you trying to go through the wall once a second, it tries to go through the wall 5 billion times a second, okay?

So then it's a lot more, you have more chances to go through.

And the other thing is just the various parameters that are involved in quantum mechanics are favorable for seeing this kind of phenomenon.

You have to do the experiment right, but it's favorable for doing that.

Oh, yes, yes, that's right.

What year was that?

Was that when it was discovered?

Okay, yeah, that was close enough that that was good.

Right, yeah, that was the hard part.

Okay.

So what happens is when a material goes superconducting,

All the electrons condense into one state.

Okay?