Jonathan Jarecki

And before I actually get into the study, I want to give a little bit of background of evidence that we have outside of this study that they actually highlight in the study.

And so first off, when we look at older men with insulin resistance, meaning that their body is not responding to insulin properly, right?

When we look at those individuals, we see that their muscle cells, so their peripheral clocks in their muscle cells.

So we have our central circadian timekeeper, our central circadian clock, and we also have peripheral clocks.

So we have peripheral clocks in our muscles.

We have peripheral clocks in pretty much all of our organs, right?

The peripheral clock in the muscle cells of these individuals are not able to synchronize properly.

There's an altered 24-hour rhythmicity in these muscle cells.

There's also a lack of rhythmicity of circadian alignment in their mitochondrial metabolism.

We see those two same outcomes with individuals who have type 2 diabetes.

We take basically muscle cells from them with individual type 2 diabetes.

We culture those muscle cells and we look at the circadian sort of clock of these muscle cells.

Same outcomes, a altered rhythmicity and a lack of rhythmicity within these cells.

So that's one.

When we look at epidemiological studies, so observational studies, again, observational studies cannot prove causation, but we can get strong correlations with them.

We see that shift workers, so when we look at shift work epidemiology, shift workers, people who live or people who are working under artificial light at night, which is basically messing with their circadian system, it's putting their circadian rhythm out of line, we see that they tend to have a lot more metabolic disorders.

So this includes things like diabetes, insulin resistance, things like that, right?

They have more metabolic disorders, correlation.

when we have controlled lab shift work, so when we stimulate shift work in a lab, in a controlled lab environment, we look at biomarkers for these individuals and we see these same negative outcomes that sort of point us to metabolic disorder.

So we have that correlation with the shift work and we have now this controlled lab experiment showing the same thing.