Lee Berger
đ€ SpeakerAppearances Over Time
Podcast Appearances
Se tuli aikaa, kun kaikki tunnistivat, ettÀ jotain katastrofaalista tapahtui, koska rohkeudet onnistuivat. MielestÀni jotkut olivat hieman yllÀttyneitÀ, ettÀ he voisivat löytÀÀ rohkeudet. Oli paljon tutkimusta polluutista. Voivatko polluutit mennÀ alueisiin? Voiko se olla UV, joka vaikuttaa muodostumiseen? Aiemmissa 90-luvun aikana oli yli vuosi tietoa.
We knew by then that populations were crashing very rapidly. Sometimes they would go within months. In Australia there were a couple of guys who got together to work on this and they looked at this pattern of declines and decided it must be a waterborne disease of adult frogs that was spreading because they could see this spread of declines from south to north Queensland. Based on that they could predict where it was going next and they went to a
Population up in the far north that was still abundant. Yeah, sure enough, they were there at the time of the crash. And so that was the first time that sick and dying frogs were collected in Australia. And we had the bodies to begin an investigation on. And that's when I became involved as a PhD student.
So you were actually catching frogs? What was the field work like? I suppose in the rainforests you go out at night with a head torch and if you have the torch up by your eyes you can see the eye shine of the species. But I was mainly involved in the mortality event, so mainly working on dead frogs. When you looked at the dead frogs, could you see anything about them that made them look different to the healthy living frogs? We saw this
This round sort of microorganism in the skin. And when we took skin samples from frogs that had died and put that with healthy frogs, yeah, sure enough, they became infected and got sick within a few weeks. And then we knew it was actually a fatal infection. It took us a while to work out it's a chytrid fungus. So this phylum of fungi hadn't been found causing disease in animals before. And so that made it really challenging, I suppose, to work on this very unusual experiment.
up until midnight, into the wee hours trying to work it out. What was that like? Yeah, well, early on I suppose I thought, once we work out what it is, that will sort of solve the problem. But really that was the first step in trying to work out what to do about it. And it's been, what is it, 27 years later, we're still trying to come up with a solution. I suppose early on it was just a few of us, so I did feel a lot of pressure and everything. You've called this one of the worst diseases in recorded history. How many frog species has it affected?
Suurin osa oli, ettÀ noin 500 elÀimiÀ maailmassa on pysynyt tÀstÀ infektiin, ja noin 90 ovat tietenkin pysyneet vÀÀrin. Joten kyllÀ, se on ollut katastrofi. Kerroit, ettÀ se vaikuttaa ylÀpÀivÀisille valkoiskulmille. Miten se oikeasti toimii? Miten valkoiskulma voittaa valkoisia?
Aiemmin se oli hieman iso mysteeri, koska maailmalla se ei todennÀköisesti ole ongelma, mutta me tiedÀmme, ettÀ hieman ongelma on paljon funktioita, ja se on hyvin permiöinen, ja se on saanut kaiken tÀmÀn regulaation, jota se tarvitsee osmoregulaatioon ja pysyvÀn heidÀn permiöstÀ. MeillÀ oli opiskelija, joka työskennelli, ettÀ se on elettrolÀhtökohtainen kÀsitys hieman ongelmasta, ja he pysyvÀt permiöstÀ.
KyllÀ, he voivat olla infektiivisiÀ, mutta he ovat melko kÀrsivÀisiÀ, joten he voivat pysyÀ terveellisemmin ja kÀsitellÀ infektiota. Aikaisemmin oli uskottu, ettÀ afrikkalaisen kloodin tuotanto olisi kÀsitellyt, koska he eivÀt olleet kÀyttöönotettaneet pitkÀn aikaa. KyllÀ, meidÀn tÀytyy pysyÀ loppuun ja sanoa, ettÀ mitÀ?
Miksi olisit kÀyttÀnyt afrikkalaisen kloodin rauhan, jotta ymmÀrtÀisit, onko ihminen sydÀntÀinen? KyllÀ, se nÀyttÀÀ erilaiselta. MielestÀni 1930-luvun ja 1960-luvun vÀlillÀ oli todella yleinen tapa tarkastella, onko ihminen sydÀntÀinen. Joten he otivat veneen ihminen sydÀntÀiselle rauhalle.
Ja jos syöpöydÀn hormonit olisivat siellÀ syöpöydÀllÀ, se laittaisi Àidin pÀivÀllÀ. Se oli todella tarkka testi, joten se kÀytettiin pitkÀllÀ aikavÀlillÀ. Mutta kyllÀ, paljon ÀidistÀ on tuotettu tutkimukselle, kuten myös lapsille ja myös Àidin lehille. Joten se on edelleen iso tehtÀvÀ muuttaa elÀimiÀ ympÀri maailman.
KyllÀ. MeillÀ oli kaksi tyyppiÀ gastrointipuolta, suomalainen ja norjainen, ja ne olivat ensimmÀiset puolet, jotka pysyivÀt lÀpi. Ne olivat mahtavia. Suomalainen puolta pysyivÀt Àidit, ja ne pysyivÀt pysyvÀt pysyvÀt, ja ne pysyivÀt pysyvÀt.
The tadpolls lived their whole life there and only sort of emerged from the mouth after metamorphosis. And so the adult frog would give birth with these little frogs hopping out her mouth. There was a lot of excitement when that was discovered. They were only discovered less than 10 years before they went extinct, actually. But there was a lot of interest in how does an animal turn its stomach into a uterus and not digest whatever's in there? And how does that even evolve? And now they're gone. Yeah, they're both gone.
That's gutting. So forward to the present day. Is this disease still causing problems and how can we stop it? They estimated about 12% of species that declined are recovering probably due to evolution of resistance.
but definitely still a big problem. We still have a lot of species that are relying on captivity, but obviously we want to get frogs back out into the landscape, and that's a lot of the work now. One of the things I've been looking at is whether we can select more resistant frogs. The zoos have these amazing breeding programs, and we have found that resistance is heritable, so there is potential to go ahead with that. I guess we'll all keep our fingers crossed then. Dr. Lieberger, thank you so much for coming on to Unexpected Elements.
Joten tavalla, jossa löydÀmme hieman ruumaa keskusteluun, on sekÀ fysiologisia ettÀ psykologisia aspekteja. Toivottavasti ei ole erilaista sydÀntÀ, mikÀ olisi hienoa. Mutta meillÀ on jotain nimeltÀ gastrikkia. Eli useimmat ihmiset ajattelevat, ettÀ sydÀntÀ on tavallaan pakkoja, mutta itse asiassa lÀmpötila, jonka sisÀllÀ me syödÀÀn, voidaan vain siirtÀÀ. Ja se tarkoittaa, ettÀ me voimme siirtÀÀ hieman enemmÀn syödÀ, kun me jatketaan syödÀ.
If we think about a typical dessert, let's say a trifle or a chocolate mousse, it's a lot softer, it's a lot easier to digest than something like a main course that has lots of proteins, that kind of thing. So we can...
saa hieman ruumaa, koska se on vain helppoa itselleen. On vÀhemmÀn mekaanilaisuutta. Ja hormonit, jotka ovat liittyneet tÀhÀn, joten ehkÀ GLP-1, joka on asia tÀllÀ hetkellÀ, koska se on paljon kÀrsimystÀ ja injektioita. Se tarvitsee yli 20-40 minuuttia, jotta nÀmÀ hormonit kasvavat.
Mutta sitten myös on se psykologinen aspekti ja hedonistinen hengitys. Joten ajattelemme, ettÀ olemme onnistuneita ja ajattelemme, ettÀ ruokaa, kuten taistelumukseemme, on melko hyödyllistÀ. Ja emme vÀlttÀmÀttÀ ajattele, sanotaanko, ettÀ ruokaa samalla tavalla. Se ei vÀlttÀmÀttÀ ole niin hyödyllistÀ asiaa.
Olemme saaneet Nobelin kappaleen jÀrjestÀmisestÀ hyvin lyhyen ilmaisun. JÀrjestÀmisessÀ voimme jÀrjestÀÀ hyvin lyhyen ilmaisun. Ilmaisun ilmaisuudet olivat vain atosekuntia.