Luke Vargas

In terms of actual new nuclear programs, is there anything more than just talk here? We've heard some rumblings from Poland, Turkey as well, countries thinking about maybe creating their own programs. Could that happen?

In terms of actual new nuclear programs, is there anything more than just talk here? We've heard some rumblings from Poland, Turkey as well, countries thinking about maybe creating their own programs. Could that happen?

Maren, you'd already alluded there to some of the alternative options to creating a new nuclear program, namely countries seeking out France to be protected by its nuclear umbrella. What about the UK, another European power that has nukes?

Maren, you'd already alluded there to some of the alternative options to creating a new nuclear program, namely countries seeking out France to be protected by its nuclear umbrella. What about the UK, another European power that has nukes?

Lawrence, shift us over to South Korea and Japan, if you could. I know talk, especially in Seoul, is growing louder about potentially pursuing a nuclear arms program there.

Lawrence, shift us over to South Korea and Japan, if you could. I know talk, especially in Seoul, is growing louder about potentially pursuing a nuclear arms program there.

Marion, that South Korean pivot seems like a consequential one. Add that to some of the other countries we've already mentioned. And I'm curious, what is the feeling in the arms control community as it watches these trends we've been discussing?

Marion, that South Korean pivot seems like a consequential one. Add that to some of the other countries we've already mentioned. And I'm curious, what is the feeling in the arms control community as it watches these trends we've been discussing?

What should we be watching for next?

What should we be watching for next?

Marion Messmer is a senior research fellow in the International Security Program at Chatham House. And Lawrence Norman is a Wall Street Journal reporter. Marion, Lawrence, thank you both so much. Thank you. Thank you. All right. We've got to take a very short break. But when we come back, how would a country go about building a nuclear weapons program?

Marion Messmer is a senior research fellow in the International Security Program at Chatham House. And Lawrence Norman is a Wall Street Journal reporter. Marion, Lawrence, thank you both so much. Thank you. Thank you. All right. We've got to take a very short break. But when we come back, how would a country go about building a nuclear weapons program?

And if the goal is to reduce reliance on the U.S., is it possible without American technology and equipment? We'll get into that nuclear nitty gritty after the break.

And if the goal is to reduce reliance on the U.S., is it possible without American technology and equipment? We'll get into that nuclear nitty gritty after the break.

Well, let's take the two scenarios that we've discussed so far, countries seeking shelter under another's nuclear umbrella or creating their own nuclear weapons programs, and learn what that would actually look like in practice. Daebak Das is an assistant professor at the Joseph Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver, where he researches nonproliferation

Well, let's take the two scenarios that we've discussed so far, countries seeking shelter under another's nuclear umbrella or creating their own nuclear weapons programs, and learn what that would actually look like in practice. Daebak Das is an assistant professor at the Joseph Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver, where he researches nonproliferation

David, how difficult would it be for France to extend its nuclear umbrella to cover other countries? We heard earlier about Germany and Poland maybe looking into this.

David, how difficult would it be for France to extend its nuclear umbrella to cover other countries? We heard earlier about Germany and Poland maybe looking into this.

Let's switch then to another option, perhaps what is being considered, as we heard earlier, in South Korea, maybe Saudi Arabia, which is countries thinking about creating their own nuclear weapons program. What would that process look like in 2025?

Let's switch then to another option, perhaps what is being considered, as we heard earlier, in South Korea, maybe Saudi Arabia, which is countries thinking about creating their own nuclear weapons program. What would that process look like in 2025?