Nick Turley

Business school thing to do would be to probably look at revenue, incremental revenue per GPU or something like that.

But this is where it's more an art than a science because we often have new breakthrough capabilities that are entirely zero to one.

Deep research was one of those.

We couldn't have told you is there gonna be demand for, consumer demand for a research product.

But if you don't productize it to find out,

you will never know so you know this is where we have to be a little bit thoughtful on how we balance you know things that are no brainers that people are really going to love with things that are brand new ideas and then obviously on the research side there's a reason that Mark has the job he has because a big part of his job is figuring out what research to fund and you know obviously GPU is a big part of that so very nuanced topic that we're continuously getting better at but for me the priority is always on our users

It's been so fascinating because we obviously have been incredibly lucky to encounter more and more users who want to use our technology, but then

the value that we're able to provide for each user is going up as well.

And GPU consumption correlates pretty well with that value.

And when you just look at token consumption per user, especially in the enterprise too, which is a massive opportunity, you see a lot of very GPU hungry workflows.

And yes, demand keeps going up even as prices go down.

Yeah, I mean, on the human side, you can hire more humans, and obviously we've been busy doing that and bringing the best talent across functions to OpenAI.

In the world with agents, you can also get more leverage per human.

You can make your humans very effective at their job to do more.

But GPUs are zero-sum.

And if you don't have more GPUs, you really have to figure out how do you make very, very hard trades.

And I hate making hard trades for our users.

Hence the desire to have more GPUs.

But it's useful to start with the most zero-sum tradeoff when you do your planning.

So I think starting working backwards from GPUs is usually a pretty good idea.