Peter Singer

Well, if we're talking about cows kept for milk, they are also now increasingly concentrated. We have the image of the cows grazing in the fields, able to walk around in a herd that is natural to their kind. But the intensive dairies are nothing like that. A lot of people realized this a year or so ago when there was a fire that destroyed a Texas dairy and 18,000 cows died in that fire.

Well, if we're talking about cows kept for milk, they are also now increasingly concentrated. We have the image of the cows grazing in the fields, able to walk around in a herd that is natural to their kind. But the intensive dairies are nothing like that. A lot of people realized this a year or so ago when there was a fire that destroyed a Texas dairy and 18,000 cows died in that fire.

Now, these 18,000 cows were not caught in the fields. They were in a building or in several buildings, very concentrated together. Often they're tied up so they can't walk around. And again, that's for the convenience of the workers and puts the manure in the same spot, and then they're just fed there. So they're often just standing or sitting down all day. That's all they can do.

Now, these 18,000 cows were not caught in the fields. They were in a building or in several buildings, very concentrated together. Often they're tied up so they can't walk around. And again, that's for the convenience of the workers and puts the manure in the same spot, and then they're just fed there. So they're often just standing or sitting down all day. That's all they can do.

And they can't socialize with other animals in the way that they would if they were part of a herd. The other fact I should mention about dairy cows, of course, is that you have to make them pregnant to keep the milk flying. So, you know, as with other mammals, including humans, the females don't just produce milk without having a baby.

And they can't socialize with other animals in the way that they would if they were part of a herd. The other fact I should mention about dairy cows, of course, is that you have to make them pregnant to keep the milk flying. So, you know, as with other mammals, including humans, the females don't just produce milk without having a baby.

But if you want the milk to sell, then the standard practice is to take the calf away within the first hours of birth, which causes real distress to the cow and, of course, to the calf as well.

But if you want the milk to sell, then the standard practice is to take the calf away within the first hours of birth, which causes real distress to the cow and, of course, to the calf as well.

I think the only thing one can say about farmed fish is that there isn't as much research about what the fish go through. But we do know that fish can feel pain. That's been established beyond doubt by research by a couple of women scientists in the last decade or two, Victoria Braithwaite and Lynn Sneddon. So, you know, especially when we have carnivorous fish like salmon,

I think the only thing one can say about farmed fish is that there isn't as much research about what the fish go through. But we do know that fish can feel pain. That's been established beyond doubt by research by a couple of women scientists in the last decade or two, Victoria Braithwaite and Lynn Sneddon. So, you know, especially when we have carnivorous fish like salmon,

They are used to swimming long distances in the ocean, but of course they're confined in nets where they just go round and round in endless circles. To feed them, to keep a salmon and raise a salmon to its market weight, may take as many as 140 fish, one study showed.

They are used to swimming long distances in the ocean, but of course they're confined in nets where they just go round and round in endless circles. To feed them, to keep a salmon and raise a salmon to its market weight, may take as many as 140 fish, one study showed.

There's fish that are often caught in the oceans, cheap fish that don't have high value in themselves, but they're caught and then they're ground up and made into fish pellets and the pellets are fed to the salmon. So it's actually, if you're eating farmed salmon, you're not just responsible for the death of your salmon, you're responsible for the death of maybe 140 other fish too.

There's fish that are often caught in the oceans, cheap fish that don't have high value in themselves, but they're caught and then they're ground up and made into fish pellets and the pellets are fed to the salmon. So it's actually, if you're eating farmed salmon, you're not just responsible for the death of your salmon, you're responsible for the death of maybe 140 other fish too.

There are two kinds of chickens that are factory found. One of them are the laying hens who produce eggs. And they are still unfortunately often in standard wire cages that would not allow even a single bird to stretch her wings if she were alone in that cage. But she's not alone. There's probably three or four other hens in with her.

There are two kinds of chickens that are factory found. One of them are the laying hens who produce eggs. And they are still unfortunately often in standard wire cages that would not allow even a single bird to stretch her wings if she were alone in that cage. But she's not alone. There's probably three or four other hens in with her.

And she's standing on a wire floor, which is not really suitable for her feet. She lays eggs on the floor, which when rolled out of the front of the cage saves labour, but it's an awkward perch for her. And, of course, the weaker birds have no way of getting away from the stronger birds in these small cages.

And she's standing on a wire floor, which is not really suitable for her feet. She lays eggs on the floor, which when rolled out of the front of the cage saves labour, but it's an awkward perch for her. And, of course, the weaker birds have no way of getting away from the stronger birds in these small cages.

These cages, incidentally, are illegal in the European Union, across the entire European Union. They're also now, fortunately, illegal in California and a few other US states, but in the majority of US states, and especially those where most of the eggs are produced, they are not illegal. And when we come to the chickens raised from meat, they're not in cages, but they are incredibly crowded.

These cages, incidentally, are illegal in the European Union, across the entire European Union. They're also now, fortunately, illegal in California and a few other US states, but in the majority of US states, and especially those where most of the eggs are produced, they are not illegal. And when we come to the chickens raised from meat, they're not in cages, but they are incredibly crowded.