Randall Carlson

Meltwater Pulse 1B, which was dated at 11,600 years ago, 3,000 years later, Meltwater Pulse 1B is also exactly now the date of the end of the Younger Dryas.

Now, what happened around 12,900 years ago with the beginning of the Younger Dryas, there's now evidence that there was also an extreme melting event that occurred

around 12,900.

Well, since the last 200,000 years, it's likely that the ice cycle, the glacial cycle has occurred at least four times.

that the ice has appeared, sea levels would have dropped, ice melts, sea levels rise.

Problem is, is each one of these type of events is so extreme in terms of its effect, what we would say the geomorphic effects, that it becomes, as you go back, each catastrophe you go back, it gets harder and harder to look at the evidence.

It's almost like...

You build a building, then you come in and you demolish it.

And on the rubble of that building, you build another building.

And then later you come in, you demolish that.

After four times, you have to do some serious digging and some serious analysis of the rubble to go, okay, this is from an earlier catastrophe than this one.

You see?

And I think we're dealing with that.

Now, to some extent, we can do that.

We can see that there are, particularly in the Midwest, there are four glacial cycles that are named after the states where the evidence was first found.

Like you have the most recent one was called the Wisconsin Ice Age.

So the Wisconsin Ice Age is when you had the last big accumulation of ice.

You would be... Yeah, so...

Right, where when you go to Green Bay, that's an interesting place because Green Bay itself, the bay is a gigantic meltwater sluice of meltwater that discharged down south off of there, spread out over southern Wisconsin, carved out what is now the Wisconsin River Valley and flowed into the Mississippi.

Green Bay was one of the big meltwater spillways itself.