Robin Carhart-Harris

Then they further out, they showed a

clinically meaningful worsening in their mental health.

And these were individuals taking psychedelics in the wild.

So this wasn't in a controlled trial.

This is sampling people taking psychedelics in any kind of context.

In the controlled trials, we actually screen those individuals out.

So this field could be accused, I think, fairly for cherry-picking more resilient populations.

So we screen out people with a history of psychotic illness.

In that same study, people with a history of, say, schizophrenia, they were twice as likely to fall into that bottom margin than everyone else.

So personality disorder, which is quite close to psychosis, is sometimes called borderline personality disorder disorder.

And that borderline means sort of borderline psychotic, some divorcement from reality close to being, you know, diagnosed psychotic.

So that's the vulnerability space.

And that's where we have to be especially careful.

And we are in the trials, but by doing that, we've...

arguably, and I think fairly, cherry-picked this sample of the more resilient types.

It's funny, it's not funny, but it's sort of ironic to say that about something like depression.

But it's a certain kind of depression that doesn't have, say, psychotic features or features of personality disorder, this special volatility.

Would you say that the same contraindications apply for MDMA, or is that not an issue, like a propensity toward psychosis or something like borderline or any of the other clinical conditions or risks you're talking about, having a first-order relative with one of these conditions?

Do you think MDMA poses similar or any risk?

I think it poses some risk.