Sarah Paine

And India just, even Indira Gandhi, who hates Nixon, she's racking up the aid.

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles saying, well, concerning India and Pakistan, it's difficult to help one.

without making the any of the other.

And of course the United States tried to help both and angered both of them.

Amazing.

So, another instrument of national power is military aid.

It is even more difficult to calibrate than the economic aid.

So you can see with the Pactomania event where

Eisenhower is building these bilateral relations and treaty organizations to contain the Russians.

Formerly there'd been no Cold War in South Asia, but once Eisenhower allies with Pakistan, all of a sudden the Russians are in there too.

So that's a bit of a boomerang.

Another one, so when the United States provides military aid to Pakistan, that just drives India to seeking an alliance with Russia, which isn't exactly what the United States wanted.

And then when the United States helps India right after the 1962 war with China, that alienates the Pakistanis and then they try to buddy-buddy with China, not remotely what the United States wanted to happen.

And then when the United States provides aid to the ISI, the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate, which is the Pakistanis and are funding things to get the Russians out of Afghanistan, they're also diverting it into Kashmir.

So in 1989, this insurgency heats up and it's remained heated ever since.

And then you wind up with China providing nuclear help to the Pakistanis.

So it's difficult with these things.

You get a short-term thing, but then the long-term thing that winds up may not be what you want at all.

The other instrument of national power, if you got one, is carrier battle group.

You can send one of those around, which is what the United States did.