Shankar Vedantam

much more putrid and odorous than when they thought the exact same smelling shirt was from a member of their own in-group.

And so it suggests that what we find disgusting is determined also by our identity and who we define as an in-group and out-group.

Yeah, I mean, what we're trying to argue and what the growing body of research suggests is that these identities are a lens that shape all kinds of our senses.

They shape how we're smelling and interpreting smells, what we're seeing, maybe what we're hearing.

And so they help provide a way of interpreting information as it comes in through all our senses.

So this might be one of the most famous and controversial games of all time.

In the dying minutes of the match, the jubilant English supporters' nerves were strained to breaking point.

The World Cup was within England's reach.

It was tied and it went to, you know, extra minutes.

And there was a shot by this English player and it went off the crossbar and it came down and landed very close to the goal line and then bounced out.

Goal claimed England.

No goal protested the Germans.

And all the English players celebrated.

They thought this was the, you know, World Cup winning goal.

The referee consulted the linesman who'd been in line with the posts and goal it was.

And there's huge debate over whether that goal actually crossed the line.

And so to this day, there's still controversy about whether this crossed the line.

And so what seemed to happen here is that those players wanted to interpret this ball as going over the line and being the winning goal.

The German players did not.

And so I spent an entire day like watching old videos in slow motion and pausing them to see if the goal actually crossed the line.