SPEAKER_04

And I could just by hand put together the most likely path and sequence of what you were from the earliest to the latest.

But we needed the data and we needed the means and the instruments to collect that information so that then the math could come to play.

But what you're doing is you still have to pay homage to the fact that those differences exist.

And so while my cancer might be the same class of, let's say, melanoma as another person's, the complexity of what allowed that cancer to become are so different that the drugs that would work for me might not work for another person.

And so that's what basically requires us to personalize the medications in a way that gives the right drug to the right person.

So I've started probably half a dozen companies and sold them.

Places like Roche, et cetera, actually my most recent company we sold to 10X Genomics, which enables them now because of a patent I created back in 2011 to

to scale up the amount of information that we can collect at a time, that then when layered on top of what, for instance, 10X Genomics already did, which is doing what's called single-cell genomic analysis, we could scale that up 100-fold to get 100-fold amount the information.

But the problem with that is that I can collect all that data and make an analysis of a cancer for you, but it might be a little bit different than another person.

So what we have to do then is develop techniques that allow us to narrow in on what the differences might be so that when I develop a drug for person X, it works for person X and not for person Y, right, the right way.

So there's a lot of personalization in medicine that is required.

The diversity that makes humanity great and that makes humanity able to survive in the face of so many challenges is that there are individual differences that one person might survive and another won't.

It's the same thing with cancers.

And it's the same thing with drugs.

I mean, you know, for instance, with certain drugs, one of the first things I learned in pharmacology when I was, you know, way back in the day is that there's always a benefit to damage ratio that you're having to deal with.

That a drug has a positive outcome, but there are side effects.

And so as scientists or as clinicians, we make a choice based on the statistics.

Who will benefit the most and will it benefit the most?

But by the way, there's all these side effects that might affect you.

And overall, globally, 60% of people will survive.