Stephen J. Ross

But that effort would eventually fade away.

The Klan would revive after the war.

But there was a big difference when the Colombians, which was the first post-war Nazi group marching in Atlanta …

When the Colombians and when people like Jesse Stoner who founded the – first the Stoner anti-Jewish party, then the Christian anti-Jewish party and later the National States Rights Party.

When these early groups tried to ally with the Klan –

The Klan said, no, we're not going to ally with you because you are too extreme in your racial views.

And when I read that, I thought, oh, my God, too extreme for the Ku Klux Klan?

That tells you something about who these Nazis were.

The three groups who were spying on Nazis and fascists from the 1940s on were the Anti-Defamation League, the American Jewish Committee, both of which still exist today, and a third group that no longer exists called the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League that was founded in 1933.

Well, in some cases, the spies were really observers, that the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League had groups throughout the country.

They had local committees, and many of those local groups would send in volunteers to go to meetings.

Sometimes they would send in volunteers who could take shorthand, and they would take notes on everything that was going on in those meetings.

And in the case of the

ADL and particularly

the non-sectarian anti-Nazi League, they actually hired people.

In some cases, they were former FBI people or police officers.

But in many cases, it was just volunteers, ordinary Americans who wanted to stand up against fascism and Nazism and volunteered to, in many ways, risk their lives by going undercover, joining some of these Nazi and fascist groups.

And in the case of the anti-Nazi League spies,

rising to positions of major leadership where they knew what was going on throughout the Nazi and fascist world and were sending that information to the FBI, to army intelligence, navy intelligence and to the CIA.

Within the Nazi party so that in New York, the Nazis didn't call themselves Nazis per se.