Sundar Pichai

We were benchmarking and saying, look, it's good to see, because they had to work in a hardware constrained way, I think, which is what drove a lot of their innovations and efficiency improvements. And so I was pleased with that. But it tells you that the frontier is evolving rapidly. There are more players closer to it than people fully realize.

We were benchmarking and saying, look, it's good to see, because they had to work in a hardware constrained way, I think, which is what drove a lot of their innovations and efficiency improvements. And so I was pleased with that. But it tells you that the frontier is evolving rapidly. There are more players closer to it than people fully realize.

And it's going to be a very dynamic moment in the industry. I think China will be very, very competent on the AI frontier is just what I always assumed.

And it's going to be a very dynamic moment in the industry. I think China will be very, very competent on the AI frontier is just what I always assumed.

Well, look, you're definitely hitting on what is When you look at any system, you want to find where the constraint is because that's what locates the whole system, and you are rightfully identifying the most likely constraint for AI progress, and hence, by definition, GDP growth and all that stuff. I do worry about it a lot.

Well, look, you're definitely hitting on what is When you look at any system, you want to find where the constraint is because that's what locates the whole system, and you are rightfully identifying the most likely constraint for AI progress, and hence, by definition, GDP growth and all that stuff. I do worry about it a lot.

The answers are sometimes you run into challenges which you have to solve. You're running into physics barriers or something like that. This is not a problem like that. We already know the technologies that can work to supply the demand we need. So it's more to me an execution challenge, right?

The answers are sometimes you run into challenges which you have to solve. You're running into physics barriers or something like that. This is not a problem like that. We already know the technologies that can work to supply the demand we need. So it's more to me an execution challenge, right?

I would phrase the energy problem as it's obviously multifaceted, but I think be it really embracing, we shouldn't have innovators dilemma in the energy sector, right? So we should lean into all the possible innovations ahead. And there are many of them, obviously, first of all, People perpetually, I think, will underestimate solar, right? You know, solar plus batteries will end up being huge.

I would phrase the energy problem as it's obviously multifaceted, but I think be it really embracing, we shouldn't have innovators dilemma in the energy sector, right? So we should lean into all the possible innovations ahead. And there are many of them, obviously, first of all, People perpetually, I think, will underestimate solar, right? You know, solar plus batteries will end up being huge.

You know, obviously the amount of innovation that's going into nuclear, geothermal, all of that are opportunities to embrace and more, I'm not mentioning. But I think, you know, upgrading the grid, you know, solving for transmission, you know, permitting to make all of that progress faster. And then actually I think we may be workforce constrained, like, you know, to my earlier point, right?

You know, obviously the amount of innovation that's going into nuclear, geothermal, all of that are opportunities to embrace and more, I'm not mentioning. But I think, you know, upgrading the grid, you know, solving for transmission, you know, permitting to make all of that progress faster. And then actually I think we may be workforce constrained, like, you know, to my earlier point, right?

You know, I think we are all, if you look at the number of electricians leaving the workforce, versus suddenly all of us, and you project out this demand, there's a huge mismatch, right? So literally how do you make sure there is incentives and workforce development to address shortages like that? over the next decade will end up being important policies.

You know, I think we are all, if you look at the number of electricians leaving the workforce, versus suddenly all of us, and you project out this demand, there's a huge mismatch, right? So literally how do you make sure there is incentives and workforce development to address shortages like that? over the next decade will end up being important policies.

I think we are fortunate, you know, people like Secretary Wright and Secretary Burgum, I mean, they are very, I think, deeply aware of the issue, and I think they are hitting the problem hard. But I definitely think it's solvable, but I think we all have to put our mind towards it.

I think we are fortunate, you know, people like Secretary Wright and Secretary Burgum, I mean, they are very, I think, deeply aware of the issue, and I think they are hitting the problem hard. But I definitely think it's solvable, but I think we all have to put our mind towards it.

No, I wouldn't say that, right? Like just for example, we are supply constrained this year in our cloud business, right? And when we are, all of us are simultaneously looking to scale up data centers, right? So we are running into real constraints. The way the constraints play out today is delays in projects because of permitting. or not having access to electricians.

No, I wouldn't say that, right? Like just for example, we are supply constrained this year in our cloud business, right? And when we are, all of us are simultaneously looking to scale up data centers, right? So we are running into real constraints. The way the constraints play out today is delays in projects because of permitting. or not having access to electricians.

All of that is realities all of us are dealing with. So if this trend line continues, the pace at which we are all ramping up, and obviously for it to continue, we all have to generate the returns on it, and so it has to really impact the economy in a more substantive way so that they go hand in hand. If the trend continues, these constraints will be much more visible, I think.

All of that is realities all of us are dealing with. So if this trend line continues, the pace at which we are all ramping up, and obviously for it to continue, we all have to generate the returns on it, and so it has to really impact the economy in a more substantive way so that they go hand in hand. If the trend continues, these constraints will be much more visible, I think.