Tim Fist

And so for comparison, the IAEA in the nuclear space does about 3,000 inspections per year.

So just like the super manual, super dumb version of this is comparable in scale to what we already do for nuclear.

but you don't need to do manual inspections for everything.

You can supplement it with technologies that already exist and that we can use.

And so the nice thing about chips is they're not sort of dumb rocks like uranium.

It's a device that's generally connected to the internet and is intelligent, and you sort of can communicate with it.

So another form of doing an inspection is verifying the location of the chip using features that already exist on the chip.

And so there's a technique that NVIDIA has now implemented and a number of companies are sort of starting to offer this as a service known as location verification, where essentially you send a ping to a chip over the internet and it responds and you can measure that round trip time to figure out how far away is this chip from the place where I'm sending the ping from because that has an upper bound that's governed by the speed of light.

Yeah, that's right.

I think it also highlights that there is a really strong role for industry to play here.

I think unlike the nuclear weapons case, the AI case is one where it's largely private companies who are developing and deploying these technologies.

And many of these private companies have indicated a lot of concern about the risks involved.

So we talked earlier about OpenAI and Tropic and Google DeepMind all talking about wanting the optionality to slow down frontier AI development to figure out

alignment and figure out what to do to prepare society.

And that's like really promising to see.

We're seeing less of that from the chip industry, but I think there's no reason why they can't be on board with this kind of project.

And yeah, I think it's worth emphasizing that implementing the kinds of stuff that we've talked about today is really talking about implementing it for huge data centers owned by, you know,

trillion-dollar companies deployed in sort of like a relatively small number of sites across the world.

This is not a sort of global regime focused on every single person's personal device and how they're using it.

This is trying to verify what is being done with a relatively small number of computer chips compared to the total number of computer chips in the world for a specific application, which is frontier AI development.