William de Rumpel

And you're wonderful.

Marie Arana and also John Lynch, another historian who studied this, very much make the case that this is a revolution for the Creole elite.

It's getting rid of the Spanish, but only to replace them by his own people.

Born into one of the wealthiest families.

And there's a lot of talk about liberating slaves, but it isn't completely done.

It's something he could easily have done.

He doesn't actually complete this case.

And he has this dodgy record of executing mulattos.

We talked about Padilla earlier.

But there's another example, which we haven't discussed yet, which is General Manuel Pia, 1817.

This other brilliant general, mixed race.

His mother was Afro-Venezuelan and Dutch.

who'd won crucial victories that essentially saved Bolivar's campaign, but because he represented something dangerous to the Creole elite, advocated genuine social transformation for power sharing with mestizos and dismantling the racial hierarchies inherited from Spain, Bolivar has him executed.

It's not a good look at all.

He promises himself passage and then hands him over.

I wouldn't say he's completely venal, but I do think there's a lot of wind and air and windy speeches.

In the end, he just looks after his own.

And an example of that is his attitude, particularly his attitude to the indigenous and the mixed races.

We started the last episode with those wonderful letters from Jamaica and Haiti.

And the only free black republic in America gives him crucial help, which gets his whole career going again.