Yuval Noah Harari

And this does not require hating outsiders.

But it does mean that you have a special relationship with a certain group of people, that you share a common history, a common culture, a common language.

And trying to kind of imagine it away just ignores history.

Yes, we have certain commitments to all of humanity, but this does not preclude having special commitments towards a segment of humanity, just as, you know, you have certain loyalty to your family, which is over and above what you owe your fellow citizens or foreigners.

Yeah, I think that morality is ultimately about suffering and liberation from suffering and happiness.

Can the nation suffer?

We often use this language, but it's just a metaphor.

If a country loses a war, suffers a defeat in war, it doesn't really suffer.

It has no brain.

It has no nervous system.

It has no mind.

It cannot feel pain or pleasure.

Only individual humans can suffer.

Yeah.

Obviously, there are difficult moral conflicts in the world.

Not always, but sometimes, yes, there are trade-offs.

Just saying that all of morality is ultimately about suffering doesn't make all moral dilemmas disappear.

But one of the things I observed in Israel in the recent conflict is that a lot of Israelis have a problem simply acknowledging that the Palestinians suffer.

Intellectually, they know it.

But in many cases, they simply cannot observe it.