Chapter 1: What is the significance of Indigenous Peoples Day?
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Chapter 2: How does the U.S. federal Indian policy affect Indigenous communities?
It was to incentivize settlers to colonize the Cecil on Indian lands. So trying its hardest to not stay true to its tree making practices. I think the other thing that was interesting to me about this is that, like, because one of the other goals of this is to sort of, like, ooh, it's the civilizing mission.
It's like, yeah, we're going to turn them into, we're going to turn all these people into, like, human farmers, like, true American frontiersmen or whatever.
And it's just, like, it just doesn't work because economically it doesn't make any sense. Like, breaking up all these, like, lands is, like, it doesn't, you can't just give someone, like, a small patch of, like, shitty land and have them farm.
Like, this doesn't, like, this, it doesn't, it doesn't, like... They certainly tried.
Yeah, yeah. That was one of the main things in Canada was about getting them to adopt European farming practices, which they already knew how to get their own food, right? They were trying to change this whole system of food growth to this European way of farming, and they were just forcing them to. Yeah, it's...
It gets super dark and horrible once you look at the letters that were being written by the heads of these programs. Instructing these agents who were stationed at these reservations to force people to be doing this horrible farming for all day, every day. And I think the sign that this was like...
this is so bad that even the u.s government eventually is like wait this this like this is fucked up and doesn't work so i think that's yeah you transition to sort of like the next phase i guess yeah a very short phase um yeah so the next phase um
is the Indian Reorganization Act. And so this only lasted six years from 1934 to 1940. So this is when allotment ended. As you said, the United States government was like, wait, this isn't working. What else can we do? The Indians aren't dying off. They're not assimilating. They're not acculturating. We don't know what to do with them.
So maybe we'll have them adopt these constitutions, and a lot of them were just templates. So regardless of whether or not they were, I think, compatible with...
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Chapter 3: What historical context is provided regarding Christopher Columbus?
And so when we say land back, For me, how I interpret it as what people mean when they're saying it is recognition of our tribal sovereignty, of our right to this land that has not been respected. And then I also think that it means, well, if these treaties aren't being respected, then how is this treaty still valid?
How come we aren't getting our land back because you're not upholding your end of the deal?
Well, some people also might mean and recognize that this whole United States government is a settler state based on the doctrine of discovery, which is based on denying slavery.
tribes and American Indians of their rights to this land. So some people might take it to this whole other context of, yeah, well, maybe this is all of our land, et cetera, et cetera. But in practice, what does this look like? And I think in practice, a lot of people are seeing it with reparations or people buying land back for tribes and giving it back to tribes.
And we have seen some of that or also just people interrupting the narrative in their own mind of their Euro-American identity. So not.
non-American Indians and primarily European settlers and their history of their own families taking part of this settler colonial process. And how has that, what about their lands? There's everyone who descends, I guess, from these settlers. And I want to be specific when I'm talking about Euro-American settlers and how they currently benefit from these systems.
And I think by saying land back, we're able to highlight this movement for tribal sovereignty and recognition on a global scale, instead of searching for justice within the quote unquote, like searching for justice within the courts of the conqueror. How do we expect for the conqueror to be held accountable for all of these atrocities, attempts at genocide, assimilation, etc. ?
by taking it more towards a global scale, such as no doubt, we'll highlighting these to other people as these are injustices. Um, this is, this is ongoing genocide. I think that land back has many, like a plethora of meanings in, in that sense. Yeah. Yeah. I hope that answers your question. I myself, um, might use it in, in some, some different ways. Um,
Because land, as we conceive it to be property, that concept grew in conversation with Euro-American conceptions of property.
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Chapter 4: How does the discussion of federal Indian policy connect to current issues?
The use of Title 42 has been, despite the relative lack of outrage since the Biden administration took office, bipartisan. In 2021, a few weeks before Biden's inauguration, I spent some time talking to migrants at the southern border for Slate.
Many of them had come to a small, tense city that had popped up just feet from the pedestrian border crossing, and the country that they had travelled thousands of miles to get to, but that they couldn't reach. You can see America through the fence there, but you can't get there. The camp was diverse in its composition.
On one trip, I interviewed folks from Haiti, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Ethiopia. Here's what one of them said to me when he asked for his message to President Biden. He recognized his voice as Daniel's. That's because I don't have his permission to use his voice here. We are appealing to President Biden. We aren't bad people.
Our goal is to work and get ahead in the world for our children. We don't want to go back. They will kill us. So we are here. Some of them wore Biden t-shirts, which I suspect were actually a plant by a right-wing agent provocateur looking to make the new administration look weak. They didn't really have bothered with all the effort.
Biden would do plenty in the next few months to make himself look cruel and unkind. Before we talk about that, I want to play you a clip from Biden's first press conference as president.
you just listed the reasons that people are coming uh talking about in-country problems saying that it happens every year you blamed the last administration sir i just got back last night from a reporting trip to the border where i met nine-year-old jose who walked here from honduras by himself along with another little boy he had that phone number on him and we were able to call his family.
His mother says that she sent her son to this country because she believes that you are not deporting unaccompanied minors like her son. That's why she sent him alone from Honduras.
So, sir, you blame the last administration, but is your messaging and saying that these children are and will be allowed to stay in this country and work their way through this process encouraging families like Jose's to come?
Well, look, The idea that I'm going to say, which I would never do, that if an unaccompanied child ends up at the border, we're just going to let them starve to death and stay on the other side. No previous administration did that either, except Trump. I'm not going to do it. I'm not going to do it.
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Chapter 5: What challenges do migrants face when crossing in Arizona?
I was in Arizona looking for Border Vigilantes and wondering what CBP had been doing to migrants there, where they have the full support of local law enforcement and a large percentage of the aging population. To my surprise, I didn't find much. It seemed like most people had crossed in the San Diego County area. Many had flown or walked to Tijuana.
Of course, migrants just like us have access to the news and to weather forecast and maps. Crossing in Arizona, a place known for cruelty and very hot weather, doesn't make any sense when California offers a better political and weather climate.
And with the mixed messages coming out about immigration law, these folks may not have been intending to evade Border Patrol, but to come to the USA and stake their legal right to claim asylum.
Chapter 6: What conditions did volunteers witness at the migrant camp?
I spoke to Sam, a volunteer with extensive on-the-ground experience in humanitarian crises, about what he'd seen at the camp. Oh, my name is Sam Schultz. He said many of the people who found themselves in Okumba had likely been told, by people-smugglers, that this was an easy way into the US. In the end, it was anything but.
I mean, I know they didn't expect that they were going to just waltz across the border at a normal check station, but they thought it was going to be. They were sold a bill of goods, let's put it that way. Right, like a tough night of walking. Yes, that's it.
Chapter 7: How does the community respond to the migrant crisis?
And so, I mean, I feel sorry for anybody who's taken advantage of it like that, but most of the people that I met, again, who are not Colombians, were of the wealthier side on their countries. I met some Uzbekis, some Kazakhis. A bunch of people from India, a couple of Pakistani guys. I mean, they didn't get here cheap. The wall behind the people in Hukumba cost $25 million a mile on average.
The Border Patrol agents drove around in F-150 Raptor trucks that start at $80,000 and each make a starting salary of over $60,000 in their first year.
Surveillance towers that dot the desert, including one which provided a tiny scrap of shade to migrants resting under its solar panels, can cost a million dollars apiece, but people in Okumba received only one small water bottle each day, despite the punishing weather.
Although Customs and Border Protection did not seem to make any plan to shelter migrants in Okumba, they did plan to have contractors paid $40 an hour to take them away. I found a job advert for a Southwest Border Transportation and Security Officer at ISS Action Security. The agency photographed transporting migrants in Hukumba.
The job posting, which was posted two weeks before the end of Title 42, has a description that includes patting down all detainees and applying appropriate restraints prior to boarding vehicles. The process through which migrants become detainees normally involves processing.
which had not been done in November, but it seems a presumption of ineligibility announced on the day Title 42 ended came into effect here. This might seem a minor distinction, but it's important.
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Chapter 8: What are the implications of the border enforcement policies?
It means that people have to file a defensive asylum claim and not an affirmative one. They have to plead why they shouldn't be deported rather than why they have a right to stay. Many of the people will have been trying to cross before the end of Title 42, like Diana, because they felt they would face a less serious penalty.
Many of them flew to Tijuana or walked from further south in Mexico or even Central America and likely spent their entire savings on a trip to the gap in the wall near Jucumba that ended with them being held by Border Patrol on the open desert with next to nothing in the way of shelter, sanitation or sustenance.
As a way to quantify this, I want to reference a UCSD US Immigration Policy Center report. It apparently had some pretty problematic practices, but anyway, these are results from its survey. When asked whether Border Patrol gave them enough water for the day, over half of the asylum seekers that we interviewed, approximately 53%, said no.
Border Patrol distributed one water bottle to each migrant in the morning. When asked whether Border Patrol gave them enough food for the day, all of the asylum seekers said no. Border Patrol did not distribute any food.
When asked whether Border Patrol provided adequate sanitation, such as toilets, all of the asylum seekers that we interviewed, meaning 100%, said no, Border Patrol provided one port-a-body for the entire encampment.
When asked whether Border Patrol provided adequate shelter, such as shade, to protect them from the sun, all of the asylum seekers that we interviewed said no, Border Patrol did not provide any shelter. When asked whether Border Patrol provided blankets to keep them warm at night, all but one of the asylum seekers we interviewed said no.
Border Patrol provided blankets to some migrants, but the overwhelming majority did not receive blankets. Altogether, two-thirds of the asylum seekers we interviewed said that they agree or strongly agree with the statement, if I did not receive food and water from volunteers, I would not get enough food and water from Border Patrol to survive. These aren't exaggerations.
As we'll see, several migrants did come very close to losing their lives in the five or more days that CBP detained people out in the open along the border. Medical incidents in this kind of detention are far from uncommon.
A lawsuit filed against Customs and Border Protection by the Southern Border Communities Coalition regarding their actions this week stated that, quote, many migrants have fallen into medical distress because of the conditions, and CBP has been slow to provide access to medical attention, often only responding at the insistence of advocates.
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