🎙️ Episode DescriptionIn this episode, Travis McLing discusses the growing importance of critical and strategic minerals to the U.S. economy, energy transition, and national security. Drawing on more than three decades of experience at Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Travis explains how global supply chains for minerals such as rare earth elements, copper, lithium, and cobalt have become increasingly concentrated, particularly in China. He explores the historical factors that led to U.S. dependence on foreign mineral supplies, the economic and ethical implications of offshoring extraction and processing, and the challenges of rebuilding domestic capacity. The conversation also examines the role of national laboratories in advancing mineral recovery technologies, valorizing mine waste, supporting pilot-scale testing, and developing solutions that balance economic viability with environmental responsibility.👤 GuestTravis McLing, Chief Geologist and Directorate Fellow, Idaho National Laboratory⏱️ Episode Timeline• Welcome, introductions, and overview of the session (00:00:00–00:01:03)• Travis’s background and career path into mineral extraction and remediation work (00:01:04–00:03:26)• Early signals of global supply chain vulnerability and China’s rare earth embargo of Japan (00:03:27–00:04:34)• Ethical and social implications of global mineral sourcing and consumer responsibility (00:04:35–00:06:38)• Historical decline of U.S. mining capacity and closure of the U.S. Bureau of Mines (00:06:39–00:08:54)• China’s long-term strategy to dominate mineral extraction, processing, and refining (00:08:55–00:11:14)• Current U.S. dependence on foreign sources for critical minerals and defense materials (00:11:15–00:12:56)• Investment gaps, lack of innovation, and challenges facing Western mining companies (00:12:57–00:15:30)• Defining critical versus strategic minerals and how priorities differ across agencies (00:15:31–00:18:44)• Why critical minerals are essential but not necessarily high-value commodities (00:18:45–00:21:06)• Approaches to strengthening supply chains: diversification, substitution, recycling, and friend-shoring (00:21:07–00:23:33)• Limitations of recycling and the need for integrated domestic processing and manufacturing (00:23:34–00:25:44)• Recovering metals from mine tailings and waste streams as near-term opportunities (00:25:45–00:28:54)• Rare earth elements: misconceptions, market challenges, and separation economics (00:28:55–00:32:36)• INL’s role as a national hub for critical minerals research and pilot-scale testing (00:32:37–00:39:31)• Federal investments, lab consortia, and collaboration with academia and industry (00:39:32–00:44:38)• Recommended readings and closing remarks before Q&A (00:44:39–00:47:23)• Audience Q&A on waste stream commercialization, policy barriers, and U.S. smelting capacity (00:47:24–00:52:01)🔑 Key Takeaways• The United States is highly dependent on foreign nations—particularly China—for most critical and strategic minerals.• Critical minerals are essential to modern technology and defense systems, even though they often have low market prices.• Ethical, environmental, and economic trade-offs are embedded in global mineral supply chains and must be acknowledged.• Recovering metals from mine tailings and waste streams offers a faster, lower-impact pathway than opening new mines.• Rebuilding domestic mining capacity requires connecting extraction, processing, refining, and manufacturing within the U.S.• National laboratories play a unique role in de-risking technologies, supporting pilot-scale testing, and enabling innovation.• Long-term policy alignment and economic incentives are necessary to secure resilient and responsible mineral supply chains. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit impossiblemetals.substack.com

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