The historical foundations of neuroscience were laid by numerous individuals over many generations. Today, researchers at various levels of analysis and employing diverse technologies are making significant strides in uncovering the brain's functions. The results of these endeavors form the basis of this textbook. The primary aim of neuroscience is to comprehend how nervous systems operate. Valuable insights can often be gained from observing the brain’s activity indirectly. Since behavior reflects brain activity, careful behavioral measurements provide information about the brain's functional capabilities and limitations. Computational models that replicate the brain’s computational properties allow us to explore how such properties emerge. By recording brain waves from the scalp, we can investigate the electrical activity of different brain regions during various behavioral states. Advanced imaging techniques now enable researchers to examine the structure of the living brain in situ, while even more sophisticated methods reveal which brain areas become active under specific conditions. However, despite the advancements in noninvasive methods, these approaches cannot entirely replace direct experimentation with living brain tissue. To interpret remote signals accurately, it is essential to understand how they are generated and their significance. A comprehensive understanding of brain function requires examining its contents—neuroanatomically, neurophysiologically, and neurochemically. The current pace of neuroscience research is remarkable, fueling for new treatments for the many debilitating nervous system disorders affecting millions annually. Yet, despite centuries of progress, including recent decades of advancement, a complete understanding of the brain’s extraordinary abilities remains a distant goal. Nevertheless, this ongoing journey continues to inspire hope and discovery.

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