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Dwarkesh Podcast

George Church — A Billion Years of Evolution in a Single Afternoon

26 Jun 2025

Transcription

Full Episode

0.031 - 22.055 Dwarkesh Patel

Today, I have the pleasure of interviewing George Church. I don't know how to introduce you. It would honestly, this is not even a exaggeration, it would honestly be easier to list out the major breakthroughs in biology over the last few decades that you haven't been involved in, from the Human Genome Project to CRISPR, age reversal to de-extinction. So you weren't exactly an easy prep. Sorry.

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22.075 - 34.785 Dwarkesh Patel

Okay, so let's start here. By what year would it be the case that if you make it to that year, Technology in bio will keep progressing to such an extent that your lifespan will increase by a year every year or more. Right.

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34.805 - 62.404 George Church

Escape velocity is sometimes what it's called for aging. Different people have estimates, and all those estimates, including mine, are going to be taken with a big grain of salt. I think that mainly looking at the exponentials in biotechnology and the progress that's been made in understanding, not just understanding causes of aging, but seeing real examples where you can reverse

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63.363 - 88.898 George Church

subsets of the aging phenotype you know so you're getting close to all of aging um in other words you're seeing instead of just saying oh i'm going to fix the damage in this collagen in this tendon in this limb you're saying oh i'm going to change a lot of things that that are they're common to aged related diseases and i'm going to get more than one at a time

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88.878 - 119.497 George Church

I think looking at those two phenomena, the exponentials in biotechnologies and the breakthrough in general aging, not just analysis, but synthesis and therapies, and a lot of these therapies now making in the clinical trials, I wouldn't be surprised if 2050 would be a point. If we can make it to that point, 25 years, most people listening to this have a good chance of making it 25 years.

120.078 - 147.393 George Church

And the thing is, it's not going to be some sudden point where you're going to be, you know, so sick 25 years from now that it's like hit or miss. It's more likely that you're going to be healthier 25 years from now than you thought you were going to be. There may be some, probably not some law of physics, but some economic or complexity issue that we don't know about that becomes a brick wall.

147.473 - 150.197 George Church

I doubt it seriously, but we'll have to see.

151.099 - 156.467 Dwarkesh Patel

Given the number of things you would have to solve to give us a lifespan of humpback whales.

157.248 - 183.432 George Church

Bowhead whales, yeah. 200 years, yeah. is there any hope for doing that from somatic gene therapy alone or would that have to be germline gene therapy probably there's a lot of forces pushing it towards somatic um for one there's eight billion right people that have missed the the germline opportunity yeah as to say doesn't apply to us uh the two of us and everybody listening to this and you know

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