From Betrayal To Breakthrough
Episodes
354: The Life-Saving Act of Interrupting Lack of Touch With Aaron Johnson
05 Feb 2024
Contributed by Lukas
This episode dives into a rarely discussed yet vital topic - the profound impact of the lack of physical touch on our lives. Aaron Johnson, our guest,...
353: The Pitfalls of Being Exceptionally Capable: A Guide to Thrive Post-Betrayal
29 Jan 2024
Contributed by Lukas
In this episode, Dr. Debi Silber explores the often overlooked consequences of being exceptionally capable, especially in the aftermath of betrayal. S...
352: Understanding and Overcoming Post Betrayal Syndrome™
22 Jan 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Understanding and Overcoming Post Betrayal Syndrome™ Introduction: This episode focuses on Post Betrayal Syndrome™, a collection of physical,...
351: A Summary of Mel Robbins' Episode on Betrayal and Additional Insights
15 Jan 2024
Contributed by Lukas
In this episode, we dive into the complex and painful experience of betrayal. Drawing inspiration from Mel Robbins' podcast on the subject, we explore...
350: Unraveling the Emotional Impact of Pornography and Betrayal
08 Jan 2024
Contributed by Lukas
Welcome to another enlightening episode of our podcast! In this episode, we're thrilled to have Anne, a previous guest renowned for her insights, join...
349: A Mini Dose Of Dr. Debi: Beyond Talk Therapy, Betrayal Recovery, and Empath-Narcissist Dynamics
01 Jan 2024
Contributed by Lukas
The Highly Sensitive Empath and Betrayal: • Highly sensitive empaths often struggle deeply with betrayal because they can feel and anticipate the em...
348: The Resilient Heart with Dr. Jorina Elbers
25 Dec 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Betrayal is a deeply traumatic experience that can have profound effects on the body's physiological balance. It triggers the body's stress response s...
347: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: The Rocky Road to Restoring Shattered Trust
18 Dec 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Rebuilding trust after betrayal is a challenging and complex process that requires effort and commitment from both parties involved. Welcome to a...
346: What's The Best Way To Recover From A Soul Wound? with Steven Sweeney
11 Dec 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In a world filled with life's unpredictable twists, we often find ourselves grappling with unexpected betrayals and profound losses—soul wounds that...
345: Festive Fulfillment: The Roadmap to Rebuilding Trust and Holiday Happiness
04 Dec 2023
Contributed by Lukas
The holiday season, with its festive cheer and traditions, can be a poignant reminder of past betrayals, casting shadows on what should be joyous occa...
344: Breaking Free from Unhealed Pain: The Mind-Body Connection in Healing Trauma with Rachelle McCloud
27 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
The mind-body connection is a crucial aspect of healing, and it plays a significant role in our overall well-being. Tune in to discover the remarkable...
343: The Power of Words: How They Shape Your Beliefs and Affect Your Healing Journey
20 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Words shape our beliefs and ultimately our lives. Join Dr. Debi in this episode as we unravel the profound impact of words on our beliefs and lives. D...
342: Rebuilding Your Life and Finances After Being in a Toxic Relationship with Leah Hadley
13 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Financial empowerment is a crucial aspect of rebuilding one's life after being in a toxic relationship. The impact of toxic relationships on someone's...
341: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Breaking Free from Betrayal's Grip
06 Nov 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Have you ever felt like you're hanging onto a trapeze bar, desperately trying to let go and move forward? Well, that's exactly what stage three of bet...
340: Finding Love, Keeping Love, and Being Love with Arielle Ford
30 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Overcoming a broken heart is harder than breaking a cocaine addiction. Healing from heartbreak is a challenging process but remember, we are not alone...
339: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Creating a New Version of You
23 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Healing is a powerful process that brings about numerous positive changes in one's life. In this week's episode, we dive deep into stage four of the p...
338: Why Marriage Counseling Doesn't Work After Betrayal with Beth Fischer
16 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Marriage counseling is often seen as a common response to experiencing betrayal in a relationship. However, there are several reasons why this approac...
337: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Reconciling After Betrayal - Is it Possible?
09 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
One of the most common misconceptions is that betrayers can never change. But that's simply not true! While some may move on without any remorse, ther...
336: Turning Inward - Healing after Tragedy with Alexandra Wyman
02 Oct 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Suicide is an intensely emotional event that affects not only the individual who chooses to end their life but also the survivors left behind. Today, ...
335: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Healing from Betrayal and Rebuilding Trust
25 Sep 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Emotions are normal during healing. This is a key takeaway in this episode where Dr. Debi discusses the various emotions that individuals may experien...
334: Bouncing Back From Betraying Your Body with Jenn Malecha
18 Sep 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Body betrayal is a concept that refers to the feeling of being let down or betrayed by our own bodies. It is a topic that has gained attention in rece...
333: Rebuilding is a Choice: Moving Past Betrayal - Helping Other Women by Sharing My Story with Suzanne Verbrugge
11 Sep 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Betrayal is a deeply painful experience that can have a profound impact on a person's life. It shatters trust, leaves emotional scars, and can lead to...
332: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Breaking Free from Resentment and Pain
04 Sep 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Using logic for healing betrayal can be a common approach for many individuals who have experienced betrayal. Logic is often seen as a tool that can h...
331: Rebuild, Reset, Restore with Elizabeth Kipp
28 Aug 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Many of us have spent years stuck in survival mode, barely breathing and holding our breaths. In this episode, we address this common struggle and off...
330: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: The Upside of Trauma
21 Aug 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Let's explore the profound lesson that betrayal teaches us in this new episode of "From Betrayal to Breakthrough." Whether it's learning to love ourse...
329: How to Advocate for Yourself After Infidelity with Lora Cheadle
14 Aug 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Betrayal is a deeply painful experience that can shatter our sense of trust, security, and self-worth. Whether it's infidelity in a romantic relations...
328: A Mini-Dose of Dr. Debi: Finding Hope and Healing
07 Aug 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Post-betrayal syndrome is a term used to describe the emotional, physical, and mental symptoms that individuals experience after being betrayed. Did y...
327: Navigating the Emotional Waters of Finances & Divorce with Mikelann Valterra
31 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Empowerment through financial independence is a concept that emphasizes the importance of taking control of one's finances and using money as a tool t...
326: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Moving Past Betrayal
24 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
When we experience betrayal, it's an opportunity for us to redefine who we are and how we want to show up in the world. This is a sacred and personal ...
325: From Tears to Transformation with Mr. Jay
17 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Betrayal is not the betrayer's fault. This statement holds true in various aspects of life, whether it be in personal relationships, friendships, or e...
324: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Sleep, New Relationships, & Health
10 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
When everything in your life feels chaotic and out of control, taking control of healing after experiencing betrayal can provide a sense of stability ...
323: Betrayal of MS and the Breakthrough of Managing MS with Diet with Dr. Terry Whals
03 Jul 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the...
322: Mini Dose of Dr. Debi : Moving Past Betrayal
26 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Title: From Betrayal to Breakthrough: Moving Past a Betrayal Links: Healed or Hardened Quiz Description Betrayal is one of the most painful exper...
321: Protecting Yourself From Financial Infidelity W / Tracy Coenen
19 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Tracy has been investigating fraud for more than 25 years, but she didn't always want to be a forensic accountant. With a dream of one day being a p...
320: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Strong Like Bamboo
12 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Inst...
319: A New You: Get Ready For The Next Chapter in Your Life W / Kristi D. Price
05 Jun 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Kristi is a certified matchmaker, dating + success mindset coach, and founder of KP Matchmaking. She has a profound passion for creating genuine conne...
318: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Boundaries, Forgiveness, and Trust
29 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Inst...
317: The Betrayal of Motherhood W / Klara Sedlacek
22 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
317: The Betrayal of Motherhood W / Klara Sedlacek Klara Sedlacek empowers stressed and overwhelmed moms to transform tension into connection. Sh...
316: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Rewriting Your Story
15 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Inst...
315: When Betrayal is an inside job W / Debra Joy
08 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
For over 15 years, Debra has been coaching entrepreneurs and executives to achieve more success with less stress. She helps them uncover and express ...
314: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Triggers
01 May 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Inst...
313: How to release fear of betrayal W / Kate Semeniuk
24 Apr 2023
Contributed by Lukas
RTT Hypnotherapist and Mindbody Coach. Kate specializes in anxiety, fears, phobias and panic attacks. In This Episode Root cause of...
312: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Empowerment
17 Apr 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Inst...
311: How Family Dynamics Can Lead to Self-Betrayal W / Tanya Cole-Lesnick
10 Apr 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Tanya Cole-Lesnick has been a psychotherapist (licensed clinical social worker) and coach since 1995. She received her master's degree in social work...
310: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Getting Out of Our Own Way
03 Apr 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Institu...
309: The Mindset of Having Emotional Freedom W / Victor Manzo Jr
27 Mar 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Dr. Vic Manzo is a Business and Spiritual Mindset Coach, Certified Pediatric Chirorpactor, Holistic Coach, 3x Author and Podcaster. He hosts The M...
308: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Trusting Again
20 Mar 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute PBT Institu...
307: Mind Control - It's All In Your Head W / Danielle Matthews
13 Mar 2023
Contributed by Lukas
At the age of 23 Danielle was hit by a drunk driver and sustained a life-altering injury to her brain. The medical world said there was no hope of r...
306: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: You've Got This
06 Mar 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links: Visit The PBT Institute Sub...
305: Healing from Sexual Abuse W / Cindy Benezra
27 Feb 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Cindy is the founder of CindyTalks, a platform where she discusses healing tools and stories of hope for other trauma survivors. She engages with her ...
308: What is Post Betrayal Transformation?
20 Feb 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi goes deeper into her PhD study which lead to the discovery of Post Betrayal Transformation (PBT). ...
304: A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi: Just Breathe
20 Feb 2023
Contributed by Lukas
A Mini Dose of Dr. Debi is here for your daily dose of motivation, inspiration, and healing. Tune in! Links Visit The PBT Institute ...
What to do When You Are a Forever Fiancé? W / Dr. Zoe Shaw
13 Feb 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Zoe Shaw walks us through various dynamics in dating and how to move on in life when we're faced with indecisive partners. D...
302: Healing Limiting Beliefs by Healing the Chakras w / Heather Russell
06 Feb 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Heather Russell is a wellness coach, life coach, and energy healer who is shaking up the industry with her unique approach to empowering women leaders...
301: Releasing Anxiety, Depression and Traumatic Stress w/ Rachelle McCloud
30 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Rachelle McCloud, LCSW is a Mental Health Therapist and Emotional Wellness. Through years of successfully helping clients move their anxiety, depressi...
300: Improving Your Emotional Self Care
23 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about habits and activities we can bring into our lives to improve our emotional self-care. W...
290: The Link Between Betrayal and Cancer w/ CJ Grace
16 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Former BBC journalist and public speaker C J Grace dealt with discovering her husband's adultery and then getting breast cancer—for the second time—...
299: How to Turn Guilt into Success and Happiness
13 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about turning guilt into success and happiness. In This Episode Guilt as a motivator ...
Love and Betrayal in our Lives as Consumers
09 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
Aaron Ahuvia, Ph.D., is a Professor of Marketing and research psychologist at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. He has been ranked in the top 2% of...
298: How to Embrace New Chapters in Your Life
06 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about embracing the new chapters of our life. Expecting the best, being courageous and taking...
288: Starting the Hard Conversations About the Emotional Aspects of Trauma w/ David Richman
02 Jan 2023
Contributed by Lukas
David is an author, public speaker, and endurance athlete whose mission is to form more meaningful human connections through storytelling. His first b...
8 Tips to Dealing With The Critics in Your Life
30 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about 8 Tips to Dealing with the Critics in Your Life. In This Episode Finding purpose ...
Toxic Relationships, Emotional Abuse & Narcissist Traits w/ Dr. Heidi Brocke
26 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Heidi Brocke is a Toxic Relationship Awareness & Healing Specialist. After 14 years in an extremely emotionally and narcissistically abusive relations...
296: Creating New Holiday Traditions After Betrayal
23 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about creating new plans, budgets, and intentions at the time of celebrating the holidays aft...
286: Enough is Enough: How to Leave an Abusive Relationship w/ Dr. David E. Clarke
19 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, David talks about leaving a relationship (abusive or not) when you may be dependent on your spouse financially, may be worried abo...
295: A Dose of Dr. Debi: A Milestone Helping Over One Million People Heal From Betrayal
16 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi celebrates reaching over one million people with her TedX talk. What does this mean? It means that...
285: Betrayal in the Black Community w/ Olivia Cook
12 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Olivia speaks out about the betrayals she and so many others have experienced and continue to face every single day. Olivia Co...
294: 9 Benefits You Receive From Setting Boundaries
09 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about the 9 benefits you receive from setting boundaries. In This Episode Setting ne...
284: Healing Body, Mind, and Spirit with Self-Compassion w/ Ellen Albertson
05 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Ellen talks about what self-compassion is, the benefits of it and how to strengthen your self-compassion muscle and put it to ...
293: A Dose of Dr. Debi: 6 Reasons Why We Sabotage Our Relationships
02 Dec 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about 6 reasons why we sabotage our relationships. In This Episode Unprocessed trauma ...
283: How Surrendering Helps You Heal w/ Kute Blackson
28 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Kute Blackson talks all about surrendering to help you heal from betrayal. He explains the grieving process, how to properly griev...
292: Two Types of Betrayers
25 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about the two types of betrayers that can impact our lives and relationships. In This Episode...
282: Why Being Sexually Sober is Not Enough
21 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Eddie Capparucci talks about what being sexually sober entails, how your inner child may be creating problematic sexual behavior, ...
291: A Dose of Dr. Debi: 10 Ways to Boost Your Confidence
18 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode of A Dose of Dr. Debi, Dr. Debi talks about 10 ways to boost your confidence. In This Episode Being self-compassionate with our...
281: The Power of Perspective - How to Find the Blessing in Betrayal w/ Carrington Smith
14 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Carrington talks about the power of perspective and how two people can experience the exact same life event and make it mean two ...
280: Moving Past Unimaginable Loss w/ Peggy Green
07 Nov 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Peggy Green tells her story of losing two children, how she got through it, and how she's using her loss to help others. Pegg...
279: The Betrayal of a Special Needs Parent w/ Roseann Capanna-Hodge
31 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Roseann Capanna-Hodge talks about mental health in children, what to look for to identify mental health problems in your child, th...
278: Top 5 Free Ways to Heal w/ Kari Coody
24 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Kari Coody talks about the top 5 free ways to heal and why they work - each one of them is accessible to everyone. Listen to toda...
277: Are You A Volunteer or Victim w/ Coach Jay
17 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, our PBT Coach Jay talks through betrayal trauma, betrayal blindness, triggers, and how to help manage and get through it all. M...
276: A Dose of Dr. Debi: Why We Sabotage Our Relationships
10 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
We're talking about 6 reasons that we sabotage our relationships in today's podcast episode. It's such a common thing – listen to the episode to fi...
275: Four Levels of Your Brain When Healing from Betrayal w/ Bob Hamp
03 Oct 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Bob Hamp talks about what goes on in the brain when we face any type of trauma – including betrayal. He discusses top half and...
274: Rebuilding Trust with Your Body w/ Margaret Floyd Barry
26 Sep 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Margaret talks about the betrayal of the body and how physical symptoms can sometimes uncover something deeper. She tells her sto...
273: Pain, Joy, and How Contrast Informs Our Character w/ Elisa Stancil Levin
19 Sep 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Elisa tells her story of childhood abuse, teen pregnancy, still birth, a near death experience, and more. Elisa talks about how s...
272: Somatic Work and Trauma Informed Therapy w/ Bethany Dotson
12 Sep 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Bethany talks about why so many people find themselves repeating a pattern in their intimate relationships (often not a good patt...
271: Forging Inner Connection and Self Trust w/ Sarah Brassard
05 Sep 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Sarah talks about transcending trauma and building self-trust. Listen to learn how trauma can impact us and more importantly, how...
270: The Three C's of Love w/ Juan Lee
29 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Juan talks about the three C's of love, how life emulates the military, and so much more. Listen to hear more about what Juan bel...
269: Thriving Post Divorce w/ Dr. Elizabeth Cohen
22 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Elizabeth Cohen talks about her own divorce and the support she looked for to overcome her experience. Dr. Cohen is a cli...
268: The Desire Factor to Help Heal from Betrayal w/ Christy Whitman
15 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Christy talks about how The Desire Factor can help you heal from betrayal and the thoughts, behaviors, actions, and habits that a...
267: Healing from Betrayal Using the Ultimate Life Tool w/ Dr. Brian Stenzler
08 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Brian Stenzler talks about his first experience with the Ultimate Life Tool and how it changed his life and his relationships...
266: From Dependent to Independent after Betrayal and Divorce w/ Carmen Hunter
01 Aug 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Carmen Hunter talks about her entire healing journey post betrayal and divorce. She tells about all the different types of therap...
265: Healing from Fear, Guilt and Shame Through Silent Meditative Prayer and Journaling w/ Brian Russell
25 Jul 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Brian Russell tells his story of his life altering event and how he overcame it through silent meditative prayer. Brian...
264: Stored Trauma in The Body and Its Effects w/ Dr. Aimie Apigian
18 Jul 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Dr. Aimie talks ALL about trauma in the body. How trauma feels, how to recognize it, triggers and how to handle it all. Dr. ...
263: Thriving After Sexual Abuse - A Healing Journey w/ Denise Bossarte
11 Jul 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Denise shares her story of childhood sexual abuse and talks about all stages she went through after – feeling helpless & shame,...
262: A Dose of Dr. Debi: Are You Carrying a Lifetime of Shattered Trust?
04 Jul 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, we're talking all about how an unhealed betrayal from years ago continues to set you up for one betrayal after another. You have t...
261: From Suffering to Happiness in All Relationships w/ Sharon Valenti
27 Jun 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Sharon shows us how we can change our thoughts & our programing in order to create peace, health, freedom, and happiness. Ha...
260: A Dose of Dr. Debi: Preventing Self Sabotage
20 Jun 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Have you been working hard to make changes in an area like your health, work, or relationships and notice that just about when that change starts to ...
259: Like a Phoenix From the Flames w/ Zoe Thompson
13 Jun 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Zoe tells her story, what served as her inspiration to change, and exactly how she did it. Sometimes life strips away the pers...
258: A Dose of Dr. Debi: How Changing Your Perspective Can Change Your Life
06 Jun 2022
Contributed by Lukas
What would a shift in perspective do for you? I'm going to show you how dramatic your life can change when you go from being a cup is half empty typ...
257: How Shame/Guilt is Our Betrayer w/ Dr. Lois Hollis
30 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Lois Hollis talks about how shame/guilt (not to be confused with shame AND guilt) was the root of all her symptoms – depression,...
256: A Dose of Dr. Debi: Declare It to Make Sure You Do It
23 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Finding it challenging to commit to new habits or goals? Here's one of my best hacks for making sure I do things that I want to do. My name is Dr. D...