Caitlin Kalinowski is the former head of robotics and consumer hardware at OpenAI, helped design the MacBook Pro and MacBook Air at Apple, and led the AR and VR hardware teams at Meta. She’s designed and engineered some of the hardest and most beloved consumer hardware products in history and is now focused on the next frontier: robotics.In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:1. VR—what happened?2. The coming memory price shock and why she’s telling startups to pre-buy now3. How the technologies built for VR became the foundation of modern warfare4. Why humanoid robots are still just prototypes, and what’s actually gating mass deployment5. Lessons from Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, and Sam Altman6. Why she left OpenAI—Brought to you by:WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more: https://workos.com/lennyVanta—Automate compliance, manage risk, and accelerate trust with AI: https://vanta.com/lenny—Episode transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-were-at-the-beginning-of-the—Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0—Where to find Caitlin Kalinowski:• X: https://x.com/kalinowski007• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ckalinowski• Website: https://www.caitlinkalinowski.com—Where to find Lenny:• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/In this episode, we cover:(00:00) Introduction to Caitlin Kalinowski(02:32) Why VR didn’t take off despite incredible hardware(04:55) The future of AR glasses and physical AI(08:45) Why robotics and hardware are suddenly hot(13:33) Why humanoid robots aren’t ready yet(16:13) Supply chain bottlenecks threatening robotics(17:31) Why magnets and actuators are critical dependencies(20:51) The geopolitical implications of hardware supply chains(24:48) AI safety concerns with physical robots(26:50) Apple’s approach to hardware excellence(30:10) Building a hardware program from scratch at Meta(31:39) The Quest 2 cost reduction story(33:07) Critical principles for hardware development(39:58) The MacBook Air manila envelope moment(41:01) The butterfly keyboard situation(41:43) Lessons from Apple on customer feedback(44:46) The memory price crisis coming for hardware(49:31) How many components go into a robot(52:53) When to use off-the-shelf vs. custom components(55:02) How AI is changing hardware engineering(1:00:27) Why humanoids aren’t the answer for most use cases(1:03:05) When robots will build other robots(1:06:23) What makes a robot feel human and connected(1:09:15) Robots in the home(1:12:00) What the next five years look like(1:15:38) Why she left OpenAI(1:18:09) How to hire exceptional hardware teams(1:23:42) Lessons from Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, and Sam Altman(1:27:27) Failure corner(1:32:33) Lightning round—References: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-were-at-the-beginning-of-the—Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email [email protected].—Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed. To hear more, visit www.lennysnewsletter.com

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