Marking 25 years since Sept. 11 with 'All the Presidents' Wars' and 'Scattered Steel'

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NPR's Book of the Day 19 min 6 speakers 5 chapters transcribed 7 days ago
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Why does the 25‑year anniversary of 9/11 matter for today’s listeners?

Andrew Limbong 0:02
Hey, it's NPR's Book of the Day. I'm Andrew Limbaugh. All this week, I've been following along with the coverage marking the 25th anniversary of the 9-11 attacks. And there's this repeated idea that the image of the planes crashing and the buildings falling, all of that imagery was replayed over and over again on TV, that it's seared into our collective memory. But there's a lot that happened immediately after 9-11 in direct response to 9-11 that wasn't repeatedly televised. In a bit, we'll hear about how parts of the World Trade Center buildings were sent all across the country. But first, the expansion of executive branch powers at the federal government level. was a direct result of September 11th.
Andrew Limbong 0:41
And over the past quarter century, presidents have been using those expanded powers to wage wars. In the new book, All the President's Wars, journalist Peter Bergen traces how presidents since 9-11 skirted Congress in the name of national security. He talks to NPR's Steve Inskeep after the break.
Jorge Sedano 0:57
This message comes from the Center for U.S. Voters Abroad Foundation. All U.S. citizens abroad may request an absentee ballot to vote in the 2026 election. Visit registerabroad.com to get started.
Beth Golay 1:11
On All of It with me, Alison Stewart, we'll talk about art, music, theater, literature, history, food, well, all of it. Hear in-depth, insightful interviews with authors like Zadie Smith, musicians like Steve Earle, actors like Kate Winslet, and beyond. That's All of It, available wherever you get your podcasts.
Steve Inskeep 1:34
This week, the nation marks the 25th anniversary of the 9-11 attacks on the United States. The journalist Peter Bergen says that's long enough ago that for many people, it's not even a distant memory.
Peter Bergen 1:46
9-11 was one of the hinge events of American history. And the kids that I teach at Arizona State, and I include graduate students and they're not kids, were not born or were children on 9-11.
Steve Inskeep 1:57
Peter Bergen covered terrorism even before that attack. As a CNN producer, he was part of a team that interviewed Osama bin Laden in the 1990s in Afghanistan. After 9-11, he followed the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq. anti-terror campaigns around the world, the raid to kill bin Laden, and more. He's written a book about that quarter century called All the President's Wars.
Peter Bergen 2:20
It's sort of disappointing, I guess, that we haven't learned from some of the previous mistakes that we've made in the past. Hopefully we won't keep making them.
Steve Inskeep 2:29
Bergen says the wars changed American security and American politics. One change was the growth of presidential power, including the power of presidents to go to war, whether the public approves or not.
Peter Bergen 2:42
And the biggest example of that, of course, is the Iran war, which is if you were to do a checklist of all the things you'd want to have before you started a war, an imminent threat, public buy-in, congressional authorization, NATO allies, a UN resolution. We don't have any of those.
Steve Inskeep 2:59
You're telling me there's all these things that should be necessary or traditionally would have been necessary for a president to take the country to war. And we have evolved into a situation where the president can ignore all that and just go to war.
Peter Bergen 3:11
It seems so. I mean, obviously, after 9-11, President George W. Bush ticked all those boxes. There was an imminent threat. There was a US congressional authorization. There was a UN resolution in favor of the right to self-defense. There were the first and only time that all of our NATO allies have come to the collective self-defense under Article 5. So it's eroded over time. But, you know, President Bush obviously eroded it significantly with the Iraq war where the imminent threat was not true. He didn't have a UN resolution in favor of He didn't have NATO allies except the British, really. He did get some kind of a vote
Steve Inskeep 3:47
out of Congress,
Peter Bergen 3:47
as I recall. He got a big vote out of Congress.

How did President George W. Bush expand executive war powers after 9/11?

Peter Bergen 3:49
And also, very importantly, Steve, congressional votes are partly based on public opinion. At the beginning of the war, the Iraq War was quite popular because 75% of Americans were in favor of the war.

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