The experience of mass is one of the most primal and intuitive aspects of our lives, yet its origin is one of the deepest mysteries in science. For centuries, mass was viewed as an innate quality of "stuff," but subatomic research has revealed that it is actually an acquired characteristic bestowed by the universe through complex mechanisms. Most of the mass in the visible universe—from our own bodies to the stars—arises from a strange duality: a ubiquitous invisible energy field and the intense binding energy of the strong force.The first source is the Higgs field, a cosmic "molasses" that permeates all space, ensnaring fundamental particles and giving them their heft. However, this field only accounts for about 1% of the mass of protons and neutrons; the remaining 99% comes from the kinetic energy of quarks moving at near-light speeds and the gluons that bind them together. While 2023 supercomputer simulations have finally confirmed our theoretical understanding of the proton's radius, mysteries remain regarding the "ghostly" neutrino, which was once thought to be completely massless. Even with these insights, we only account for about 5% of the total mass of the universe, with the rest hidden in the elusive realms of dark matter and dark energy.

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