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Stuff You Should Know

Composting: Nature's Most Interesting Process

20 Mar 2026

Transcription

Chapter 1: What is the main topic discussed in this episode?

0.031 - 3.679 Unknown

This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed human.

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7.186 - 21.183 Josh Clark

Hey guys, it's Josh. And Chuck, Jerry, Ben, and I put together a nice new playlist for you to chase the winter blues away and get ready for one of the four greatest seasons around, spring. It's our Stuff You Should Know Think Spring playlist.

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21.584 - 36.822 Josh Clark

And even if there's still snow on the ground where you live, it will put you in a mind to grab your trowel and sit by the window and wait till everything melts. You can get the Stuff You Should Know Think Spring playlist on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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40.126 - 60.05 Josh Clark

Hi, I'm Bob Pittman, Chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, and I'm kicking off a brand new season of my podcast, Math & Magic, Stories from the Frontiers of Marketing. Math & Magic takes you behind the scenes of the biggest businesses and industries while sharing insights from the smartest minds in marketing. Coming up this season on Math & Magic, CEO of Liquid Death, Mike Cesario.

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60.33 - 67.817 Unknown

People think that creative ideas are like these light bulb moments that happen when you're in the shower. Or it's really like a stone sculpture.

Chapter 2: What is composting and why is it important?

67.897 - 70.3 Unknown

You're constantly just chipping away and refining.

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70.52 - 80.41 Josh Clark

Take to interactive CEO, Strauss Zelnick, and our own chief business officer, Lisa Coffey. Listen to Math & Magic on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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81.048 - 102.612 Unknown

On paper, the three hosts of the Nick Dick and Paul show are geniuses. We can explain how AI works, data centers, but there are certain things that we don't necessarily understand. Better version of play stupid games, win stupid prizes. Yes. Which, by the way, wasn't Taylor Swift who said that for the first time. I actually, I thought it was. I got that wrong. But hey, no one's perfect.

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102.672 - 109.84 Unknown

We're pretty close, though. Listen to the Nick Dick and Paul show on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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116.384 - 134.697 Josh Clark

Hey everybody, Chuck here with another edition of our Think Spring playlist. And right now, this is something you should all be doing, which is composting. You can learn a thing or two about it in this episode, Composting Colon, Nature's Most Interesting Process. It's really not too hard, and it really means a lot. So give it a shot.

143.182 - 147.206 Unknown

Welcome to Stuff You Should Know from HowStuffWorks.com.

153.413 - 176.715 Josh Clark

Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, the man, Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. And I think I neglected to say last time. Yeah, you did. Guest producer Noel is with us. That's right. So if you listened to the Shroud of Turin episode... And you were like, man, that sounds great. Yeah, that was Noel. Yep. Thanks, Noel. This...

178.012 - 205.791 Josh Clark

show today, I've been replaying one of my favorite Simpsons jokes ever over and over in my head. I laughed already just hearing Simpsons jokes. It was from one of the Halloween episodes when they did the Nightmare on Elm Street riff. This is old, old ones. Where Groundskeeper Willie was Freddy Krueger and he turned into I think like a shredder or a tractor or something and ran over

207.003 - 208.067 Josh Clark

people or something?

Chapter 3: How does composting benefit the environment?

209.151 - 239.77 Josh Clark

And said, when I'm done, they're gonna need to do a compost boredom. Oh, wow, that is a bad joke. Yeah, it was really good. I mean, The Simpsons didn't get too punny, but that was a good one. Well, anything goes on a treehouse of horror. Yeah. You know? Agreed. So, you know, there's a bunch of cities that have kind of gotten woke to the idea that we should be recycling or composting our food.

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239.83 - 266.533 Josh Clark

Did you know that? Sure. Yeah. I saw a stat that said something like 40% of food gets wasted. But I got suspicious because I also saw that 40% of the stuff that goes to municipal landfills or trash is food waste. which doesn't necessarily mean it's wasted food, because I don't think you would count like a banana peel as food waste.

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266.873 - 268.255 Unknown

Or as wasted food.

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268.955 - 283.652 Josh Clark

No, it's a box. They're not counting food packaging as food waste. No, but I think they're counting everything that has to do with food that could conceivably be eaten as wasted food, which is not the same as food waste.

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283.632 - 306.18 Josh Clark

The point is, the legitimate stat that I saw, just about everywhere, is that if you took all the garbage that the United States throws away into a landfill, 40% of that is food waste. And I'm sure some of it is, a whole cake. Some complete moron threw a whole cake away for no good reason. I was on a diet. Well, that's actually a pretty good reason, but you know what I'm saying.

306.16 - 331.031 Josh Clark

40% of all that trash is food. The problem is, you might say, well who cares? Trash, it decomposes, that's great. That's true, it does decompose. But in the landfills that the United States uses, we make sure they're anaerobic. Oxygen doesn't get down there. So a whole different decomposition process takes place. And in a landfill, in anaerobic decomposition, methane is produced.

331.432 - 358.608 Josh Clark

And methane is bad news. Methane is something on the order of 70% worse, I know there's a much more scientific way to put it, but it's 70% badder than carbon dioxide as far as greenhouse gases go. 70% more potent, how about that? So you don't want methane. If you have to choose between methane and carbon dioxide, you want to go with carbon dioxide.

358.848 - 381.814 Josh Clark

And it just so happens that if you compost food waste, mostly carbon dioxide is produced, methane's not. So if you're diverting this food waste from the landfill, there's a whole bunch of different stuff you're doing. Number one, you're saving all that 40% of the space for actual trash, so you're extending the life of your land. You're keeping all that methane from being produced.

381.946 - 408.358 Josh Clark

and as if it couldn't get any better, you are creating an amazing fertilizer that you can use. The best. You could grow a tree out of a shoe. This fertilizer's so good. The old shoe tree. Sure. Yeah, we've danced around this a lot. Well, you just referenced our, and I don't like to toot our own horns a lot, but that landfills episode was great.

Chapter 4: What materials can you compost?

413.62 - 438.904 Josh Clark

Basically any of our waste management ones are mwah. Yeah, what else? I think gorilla gardening we touched on this some. And a couple of others, we've mentioned composting. And to the extent where I thought we had done one on composting. Not yet. But we had not until about five and a half minutes ago. And that's a guess, so if you write in and say, it was eight minutes, Chuck. You're grounded.

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439.565 - 467.113 Josh Clark

So, like you mentioned, I don't think these numbers are accurate anymore, but we generate, let's just say, a lot of millions of tons, hundreds of millions of tons of trash, and about 25 to 30% of that is recovered through recycling, which includes composting, which is good. But that number, if it was 70%, would be amazing. Does that include composting, that recycling number? Yeah. Oh, okay.

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467.133 - 468.715 Josh Clark

Yeah, if it be 70, that'd be great.

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469.136 - 469.376 Unknown

Yeah.

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469.396 - 491.367 Josh Clark

80, why not? Yeah, let's shoot for 90. Well, supposedly Seattle itself has a goal of something like 60 to 70% of all of its trash being recycled by the end of the year. Of course they do, because Seattle does it right. And they actually have compulsory, mandatory composting now. You have to compost if you live in the city of Seattle. Why don't I live there? I don't know.

492.224 - 516.973 Josh Clark

I don't know, I ask myself that a lot. You know, Emily and I went for our, two shows ago, on that lovely spring weekend. Oh, it was gorgeous. And we stayed extra in Seattle, and after we were like, we're moving here, that's it. It's a great town. I've said it before on the show, dogs and bars, That was all it took. Yeah. Dog bartenders. But again, dogs playing poker. Sure.

517.274 - 532.12 Josh Clark

Again, it's easy to fall in love with Seattle on a perfect weekend in April. Yeah. I hear it rains there a lot, though. I'd still live there. It's a great place. And you know what? You may see us again this year, Seattle. Tease, tease. You're such a tease.

532.37 - 553.635 Josh Clark

All right, so composting is great for a thousand reasons but one, first and foremost, is that it's not hard to do and it's not expensive to do. If you just wanna be, and there are many different levels of composting from big city programs to the home farmer that takes it super seriously.

553.615 - 577.323 Josh Clark

If you just want to lessen the impact a little bit on your landfill, your local landfill, feel like you're doing the right thing, and get a little bit of nutrient-rich goodness fertilizer to use, you can have just a small little composting operation going on at your house. Yeah, this is all you need. Organic waste, and we don't even mean something that's organic.

Chapter 5: What should you avoid putting in your compost pile?

677.021 - 701.551 Josh Clark

And by that, I mean spraying water on it with your hose. I just realized you can hit something with your hose too. It's like turning it over, right? With a pitchfork. To add oxygen. It's as simple as that. Yeah, it's really easy. So what you're gonna end up with, Ian, like we said, is really fertilizer, but it's called humus. Don't call it hummus. No, that's different. That has two Ms, right?

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702.874 - 710.269 Josh Clark

This has just one M, and those little microorganisms in there, they're gonna break this stuff down, they're gonna eat it, they're gonna poop it out.

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710.249 - 728.933 Josh Clark

and they're gonna multiply, and there's gonna be, we'll talk about the critters a little more later, but there are gonna be different critters along the way that eat those critters, then critters that eat those critters, and it's gonna get really hot up in there, it might steam, then it's gonna cool back down, it's gonna get smaller, and it's just like this little micro environment.

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728.913 - 754.363 Josh Clark

It is really, really neat. There's actually a food web in there. There's a lot of physics and chemistry that's going on. It is very neat. I'm fascinated by it too. But the upshot of composting is that you're taking something and it's being broken down into its constituent parts so that it can be reused by plants and the whole circle of life can start over again.

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754.462 - 784.873 Josh Clark

Yeah, you're sort of just accelerating the natural process of rot. You're optimizing it. Yeah, like you mentioned a passive composter, which is to say, you know, lazy hippies. You could just throw all that junk out of your window if you wanted in a big pile and throw some grass clippings on and throw your fall leaves on there. Just leave it there and that thing will eventually compost itself.

785.022 - 808.178 Josh Clark

Well, again, it'll produce methane, you'll blow up. Or you could turn it every now and then and maybe avoid that. No, I think that makes it an active pile. Well, slightly active pile then. Right. I don't mean like every other day. Right. I mean just to avoid methane maybe. But that would still technically be an active pile. It would be a poorly managed active pile. Yeah, slightly active.

808.719 - 834.836 Josh Clark

Poorly managed. I'm serious. That's what they call it. I know. Okay. We like to make up our own names for things. I didn't know you were going to cease that in year nine. I got you. Sorry. We'll call that the doobie pile. Okay. Okay. No, it's called active management. I just wanted to make sure that we got it on the record. So the big goal here is to reduce your waste.

834.856 - 859.063 Josh Clark

They say in this article, ultimately, we'll save you tax money because your landfill won't. I thought that was hilarious. Yeah, I mean, don't count on seeing any tax breaks coming anytime soon. But that got William F. Buckley's attention. Probably so. So how do you do this? Let's say you want to start composting. There's a one, two, three, four, five step process to get this thing going.

859.324 - 883.551 Josh Clark

Okay, well let's talk about them. First thing you want to do is just pick out the place you want to do it. Right. Because it's a bit of a mess. It doesn't have to be necessarily, but depending on your neighbors, they might be like, well, great, I'm glad you started an unsightly pile of kitchen rubbish and food waste. I can see from my deck. Thanks a lot for that.

Chapter 6: How do you manage a compost pile effectively?

883.951 - 903.418 Josh Clark

So that's something you want to keep in consideration. Apparently, even if you do have a very well-managed active pile, what would you call that? I'm not making up funny names anymore. No more jokes. I've ruined it. It still may stink here or there. Sure.

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903.779 - 923.252 Josh Clark

So you want it kind of away from the house, but not so far away that if you're feeling lazy, you're not going to go out and tend to it on a daily or every other daily basis. Yeah, and if you have that much land, you have a compost pile a mile from your house, Good for you. Yeah, sure. You got some acreage.

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924.815 - 946.132 Josh Clark

There might be some local rules either from your HOA, heaven forbid, if you have to belong to one of those, or maybe just your municipality might have rules and regulations. Yeah. So check with them first. That's what everyone does before they start a compost pile. They go down to City Hall and say, tell me the rules and regulations surrounding composting in my yard.

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946.292 - 968.093 Josh Clark

I think the first thing everyone does is start throwing their eggshells out the window. That's how it always starts. It's like, I'm tired of these things being in my trash. They recommend downwind, because like you said, it might stink a bit. Sun is good in a way, but you don't want it baking in the sun all day. No, because it'll dry it out. Remember, you want it to be kind of moist. Yes.

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968.113 - 988.241 Josh Clark

And the sunlight can actually dry it out. Sure. So you want, apparently the best place to put it is under a deciduous tree. Good spot. Yeah, because in the wintertime, there's no leaves on the tree, so the sun's going to keep it warm when it's cold. Yeah. But during the summer, it's going to be shaded by the tree so it won't dry out. It's just perfect.

988.621 - 988.801 Unknown

It is.

988.942 - 990.624 Josh Clark

Deciduous tree equals love.

991.425 - 991.525

Yeah.

991.505 - 1009.372 Josh Clark

Wind is good to provide a little air but you don't want it blowing, scattering the stuff all over the place, drying it out again, no good. What else? Drainage, don't start one in that old baby pool that you don't want to throw out. Especially if your baby's in there. Yeah, you want good drainage.

Chapter 7: What role do microbes play in composting?

1102.04 - 1119.985 Josh Clark

Single bin, new stuff at the top, Easy peasy. Stuff that's in process in the middle, stuff that's finished in the bottom, and it will just naturally kind of separate like that. Yeah, and when we're talking structure like that, if you want to build one, you know, build a wood frame and it's like got chicken wire walls and a chicken wire bottom. And that gives you the air.

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1120.526 - 1138.911 Josh Clark

And if you've got something to collect it underneath, it's going to fall, you know, when it's small enough. Right. Some other stuff might fall. You may need to add it back in. Yeah. But with the three-bin system, you've got, well, you've got three bins. You've got the starter stuff. You've got the, once it starts to break down, little stuff. And then you have the more finished product.

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1138.891 - 1160.38 Josh Clark

And you have to actively manage that system. Yeah, that system sounds unnecessarily difficult. I kind of like it. Oh, you're a three-bin guy? Well, we're about to get into this for real. We've been lazily composting for a while. But we're doing our whole backyard. We're getting rid of our grass, basically.

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1160.74 - 1161.041 Unknown

Oh, yeah?

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1161.181 - 1184.942 Josh Clark

100% of it. What are you gonna do, compost? Mulch and beds and plants and herbs and walking paths. Xeriscape, you gonna put cacti in and all that? No cacti, but we do have a palm tree, we've had that forever though. There you go. Yeah, just getting rid of the grass basically. Because it takes up so much water? Nah, just, it's just, It's not good grass to begin with.

1186.003 - 1205.989 Josh Clark

And I'm not the best about cutting it. Lawn mowers are terrible for the environment. Plus you don't water enough. You never let a quarter inch of water accumulate on the surface. Exactly. Yeah, and it'll look nicer. So part of this, and this company that's doing it is, it's not just a landscaping company, they're a bunch of hippies.

1205.969 - 1226.697 Josh Clark

So they're designing it in such a way that it feeds itself and part of that is composting. Anyway, long way of saying we're gonna start for real composting very shortly. And you're going with the three-bin structure? I don't know. I think I'm gonna build it. Well, it's the structure Emily tells me to build.

1226.917 - 1227.138 Unknown

Okay.

1227.558 - 1248.547 Josh Clark

That's the easiest way to say it. Gotcha. Yeah. But if you buy one, like you were saying, there's all different kinds. Just, you know, look it up online or go to a hardware store and, you know, many of them will look like a big barrel on legs and it literally turns, like has a crank on it. Right. To where you can turn this thing in circles. It's old timey.

Chapter 8: How can you tell when composting is complete?

1331.85 - 1340.061 Josh Clark

All right, well let's take a break here after we have talked structure. And we'll talk a little bit about what kind of junk you want to throw in that pile.

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1350.065 - 1356.494 Unknown

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