Do Kids Cooperate Naturally?

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The Last Show with David Cooper 9 min 3 speakers 7 chapters transcribed
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What cultural factors influence children's cooperation?

David Cooper 0:01
For those who know that questioning everything includes questioning this show's existence. The Last Show with David Cooper.
David Cooper 0:20
Many of us believe kids naturally grow into being good people. But what if what counts as good, fair, honest, and cooperative depends entirely on where you're growing up and who's watching? What if kids don't naturally cooperate all the time? Well, that's what we're going to discuss with someone who's researched this. She is a psychology and neuroscience professor at Duke University, and her name is Dorsa Amir. Dorsa, welcome to the show.
Dorsa Amir 0:43
Thank you for having me on.
David Cooper 0:44
I sort of picture moral development and I assume that kids are on this like universal path to it.

How does Dorsa Amir's research challenge common beliefs about children's morality?

David Cooper 0:50
I'm sure some kids will stray because of environmental factors, but that there's this innate fairness and sharing vibe that we all have. Does your research basically say not so fast with my point of view?
Dorsa Amir 1:00
Well, it's interesting that you should ask that, actually, because it's a little bit of both. So my background is in psychology and anthropology, and I've always been really interested in how culture shapes people's behaviors. And in this paper that recently came out, we really wanted to investigate this exact question. What aspects of the development of cooperation are consistent across really diverse cultures, including hunter horticulturalists in the Amazon and our very nice neighbors up north in Canada across five different countries? And what are the aspects that seem to vary? And we find a little bit of both, actually. It turns out at younger ages, kids tend to be a bit more self-interested, but as they get older, they really start taking on the norms of their culture.
David Cooper 1:43
I love that young kids, five years old approximately, start off a little self-interested.

What methods are used to study cooperation among children?

David Cooper 1:47
It is a little relatable. Is it that kids are sort of like little mini resource hoarders at first and then they kind of grow out of it?
Dorsa Amir 1:54
Well, as the mother of a four-year-old, I can tell you at least my sample size of one at home, that's likely true. I think, you know, humans are really interesting in that we cooperate at scales that are just unprecedented in the animal kingdom. We're cooperating right now. We just met. Our listeners are cooperating by giving us their attention. I'm hopefully cooperating by being engaging and polite.
David Cooper 2:16
You are. Thank you.

How do children's self-interests evolve with age?

David Cooper 2:18
And thank you for that.
Dorsa Amir 2:20
And, you know, I think what's really interesting about a lot of the choices that we make that distinguish us in many ways from non-human primates is that we often make decisions that are costly to ourselves in the short run. But if everyone does it and we all coordinate, then we're all better off in the long run. So, for instance, David, if you have four candies in your hand and you're asked to share some with me, Maybe you just want to keep all of them to yourself. But if you share, let's say, two of them with me and I benefit from that, then the next time I have four candies, maybe I'll share some with you. So on the long run, if we play this out many times, these kinds of costly actions can actually be beneficial.
Dorsa Amir 2:58
But it's hard to do because you really want those candies. And this is the kind of choice that children are facing all the time. And it turns out it just takes a lot of time and a lot of cultural input and experience to really, I think, internalize that and understand and be able to make those short-term decisions with this idea potentially that in the long run they're going to benefit you.

What role does cultural context play in children's understanding of fairness?

David Cooper 3:22
So how do you test for this? You give kids a bunch of candies. I think Starburst was one of them. I'm not a fan, so I wouldn't want them shared with me. But this is not an ad or a hit piece for Starburst. You give these kids candy and then you just kind of observe how they act with each other.
Dorsa Amir 3:34
That's right. And David, if you didn't like Starburst, you would be excluded from our study, in fact. But this is one of the cross-cultural universals that I have documented, is that virtually all the children in all these studies told us that they liked candy and they could participate.

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