The Lawfare Podcast

Shadi Hamid on "Islamic Exceptionalism"

30 Jul 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Shadi Hamid is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Project on US Relations with the Islamic World and the author of the new book Islamic ...

Steve Budiansky on "Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union"

22 Jul 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Steve Budiansky is the author of Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union. He joined Ben at the Hoo...

Will McCants on "A Caliphate Without a Caliphate"

15 Jul 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Will McCants, a Senior Fellow at Brookings and the Director of the Project on US Relations with the Islamic World, comes on the podcast to discuss I...

Comey Versus the Committee With No Bull

09 Jul 2016

Contributed by Lukas

FBI Director James Comey faced the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee this week for live long hours over the Clinton email investigation....

John Carlin Uses All the Tools

01 Jul 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Assistant Attorney General John Carlin has a new law review article on a "whole of government" and "all-tools" approach to national security cyber thr...

Mona Sedky on Prosecuting Sextortion

25 Jun 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Department of Justice Computer Crimes Prosecutor Mona Sedky discusses the sextortion cases she has prosecuted and the meaning and danger of this new k...

Fred Kaplan on "Dark Territory"

17 Jun 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Fred Kaplan joins Benjamin Wittes at a Hoover Book Soiree to discuss "Dark Territory: The Secret History of Cyber War."Support this show http://suppo...

Suzanne Spaulding on Cyber

10 Jun 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Suzanne Spaulding, Under Secretary for the National Protection and Programs Directorate at the Department of Homeland Security, joins Lawfare's Benja...

How is the Iran Deal Really Going?

04 Jun 2016

Contributed by Lukas

The Iran deal adopted in July 2015 was an effort not only to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons but also to avert a nuclear arms competition...

The Role of Transparency in Intelligence Programs: A Conversation with Rachel Brand, Carrie Cordero and Alexander Joel

27 May 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week, the American Bar Association hosted a panel discussion on “Achieving More Transparency about Secret Intelligence Programs”, which alon...

A Conversation on Targeting Americans with H. Jefferson Powell

19 May 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Four years ago, Anwar al Awlaki—an American citizen—was killed in an American drone strike in Yemen, marking the first targeted killing of a U.S. ...

A Conversation on Global Intelligence Oversight with Sam Rascoff and Zach Goldman

13 May 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week on the show, Zachary Goldman and Samuel Rascoff of the NYU Center on Law and Security came on the show to discuss their new edited volume, ...

Juliette Kayyem on "Security Mom" and Building a More Resilient Nation

06 May 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, Juliette Kayyem joined Lawfare’s Jack Goldsmith at the Hoover Book Soiree for a discussion of her new book, Security Mom: An Unclassifie...

Intel Security's Chris Young on Cybersecurity and a Debate on Using Data to Protect Data

30 Apr 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Intel Security's Chris Young gives a talk on the currentcybersecurity landscape. And we hold a debate on using BigData to protect personal privacy, f...

Cliff Kupchan on Russia in Syria

22 Apr 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week on the podcast, Benjamin Wittes and Cliff Kupchan talk about the future of U.S-Russia relations and to delve into the Russian interventi...

The Lawfare Podcast: Daniel Weitzner and Ben Wittes on Going Dark and the Fallout from Apple v. FBI

14 Apr 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Apple and the FBI may have been settled out of court, but that doesn’t mean the fight is over. With Congress on the verge of considering new legisla...

Eric Schwartz on US Refugee Policy and the Syrian Civil War

08 Apr 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Eric Schwartz, dean of the Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and previously U.S. Assistant Secretary of State...

The Lawfare Podcast: Adam Segal on "The Hacked World Order"

31 Mar 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Adam Segal of the Council on Foreign Relations joined Lawfare’s Jack Goldsmith at the Hoover Book Soiree for a discussion of his new book...

The Lawfare Podcast: The Need for Pragmatic Engagement Amidst Global Uncertainty

25 Mar 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week on the podcast, Lawfare’s Ben Wittes interviews Amy Zegart and Stephen Krasner, both of the Hoover Institution, about their recently rele...

The Lawfare Podcast: General Michael Hayden Discusses American Intelligence in the Age of Terror

18 Mar 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, General Michael Hayden—the only person to be both the director of the CIA and the NSA—joined Lawfare’s Benjamin Wittes at the Hoover...

The Lawfare Podcast: Lisa Monaco on America’s Counterterrorism Strategy against ISIS and Al Qaeda

10 Mar 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week, the president’s Homeland Security Advisor, Lisa Monaco, made news by announcing that the White House will release long sought data on the...

Apple v. FBI at the Wilson Center

05 Mar 2016

Contributed by Lukas

The Wilson Center takes on the Apple v. FBI controversy in a panel entitled “Will They or Won’t They? Understanding the Encryption Debate.” Wils...

The Lawfare Podcast: How to Solve the Encryption Challenge

26 Feb 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week as the battle between the FBI and Apple raged in a California court, the Bipartisan Policy Center in Washington hosted Chairman of the House...

The Lawfare Podcast: Leon Wieseltier on the Moral Dimensions of the Syrian Refugee Crisis

19 Feb 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week we have Leon Wieseltier on the show, who among many other things, is the Isaiah Berlin Senior Fellow in Culture and Policy at the Brookings ...

The Lawfare Podcast: Daniel Placek on Darkode

13 Feb 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Last week as part of the University of Texas at Austin Strauss Center's conference on "The Frontiers of Cybersecurity Policy and Law," Daniel Plac...

The Lawfare Podcast: Defense Strategies for the Next President

05 Feb 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week as Iowa voters took to the caucuses, Brookings hosted a panel discussion on defense strategy for the next president. The panel, moderated by...

The Lawfare Podcast: Justice Stephen Breyer on the Court and the World

29 Jan 2016

Contributed by Lukas

Last week at The Brookings Institution, United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer participated in a discussion with Lawfare’s Benjamin Witt...

The Lawfare Podcast: Ashley's War and the Role of Women on the Special Ops Battlefield

22 Jan 2016

Contributed by Lukas

The fourth Hoover Book Soiree held this week in Hoover's beautiful Washington, D.C. offices featured Gayle Tzemach Lemmon on her newest book, Ashl...

The Lawfare Podcast: Why You Should Buy Back Your Bitcoin

15 Jan 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Brookings hosted a discussion on Bitcoin and the technology that undergirds the currency, specifically focusing on the promise of the distr...

The Lawfare Podcast: Nick Weaver on Why You Should Sell Your Bitcoin

08 Jan 2016

Contributed by Lukas

This week we have on Nick Weaver the show. Nick's a regular Lawfare contributor, senior staff researcher at the International Computer Science Inst...

The Lawfare Podcast: ISIS in America: Disrupting Retweets from Raqqa

18 Dec 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, we asked Lorenzo Vidino and his co-author, Seamus Hughes, both from the George Washington University Program on Extremism, into the studio ...

The Lawfare Podcast: Edward Lucas on the Sum of All Cyberphobias

11 Dec 2015

Contributed by Lukas

We welcome Edward Lucas, a senior editor at the Economist and author of the new book, Cyberphobia: Identity, Trust, Security and the Internet, to the...

The Lawfare Podcast: Natan Sachs on Israeli Anti-Solutionism

04 Dec 2015

Contributed by Lukas

The show this week features Natan Sachs, a Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, who recently published an article in Foreign Affairs...

The Lawfare Podcast: Charlie Savage on the Power Wars of the Obama Administration

20 Nov 2015

Contributed by Lukas

At the last Hoover Book Soiree—which if you haven’t attended one yet, you really should—Charlie Savage, New York Times national security reporte...

The Lawfare Podcast: John Carlin on National Security and the Cyber Threat Landscape

13 Nov 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Earlier this week, Lawfare’s Benjamin Wittes interviewed John Carlin at the Atlantic Council on National Security and the Cyber Threat Landscape. C...

The Lawfare Podcast: Bridging 20th Century Law and 21st Century Intelligence

06 Nov 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, George Washington University and the CIA co-hosted an event entitled Ethos and Profession of Intelligence. As part of the conference, Kenne...

The Lawfare Podcast: Putin's Imperial Gamble

30 Oct 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Perhaps you’ve heard, but tensions between the United States and Russia are heating up. With Putin upping the ante in Syria, Marvin Kalb, journalis...

Joby Warrick and William McCants at the Hoover Book Soiree

23 Oct 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Joby Warrick, author of Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS, and William McCants, author of The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision ...

The Lawfare Podcast: Surveillance Reform After Snowden

16 Oct 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, the Center for Strategic and International Studies hosted Ben, along with Laura Donohue of Georgetown Law, former NSA Director General Mich...

The Lawfare Podcast: Helen Mohrmann on Cybersecurity in an Insecure Environment

09 Oct 2015

Contributed by Lukas

As listeners may know, while we often talk about cybersecurity on the show, Brookings itself has been subject to a number of cyber-attacks in recent y...

The Lawfare Podcast: How Anwar al Awlaki Become Objective Troy

02 Oct 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, New York Times national security reporter Scott Shane came on the Lawfare Podcast to provide an overview of his new book on the life and de...

The Lawfare Podcast: Gregory Johnsen Answers "What is a Houthi?"

25 Sep 2015

Contributed by Lukas

On this week’s Lawfare Podcast, Gregory Johnsen outlines the state-of-play currently in Yemen. Johnsen, who is a writer-at-large for Buzzfeed News, ...

The Lawfare Podcast: Richard Gross on the Law of Hybrid Conflict

18 Sep 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, Ben attended a symposium at the Pentagon on the rise of so-called “hybrid conflicts,” whereprofessionals from around the national secu...

The Lawfare Podcast: A Band-Aid for a Bomber: Is Medical Assistance to Terrorists Protected Under IHL?

11 Sep 2015

Contributed by Lukas

On this week’s Lawfare Podcast, Ben sits down with Professor Gabriella Blum, professor at Harvard Law School, and Dustin Lewis, a senior researche...

Encore Performance: Bone-Crushing Zombie Action

29 Aug 2015

Contributed by Lukas

It's a special encore performance of our panel discussion from last year on the legal architecture of the zombie apocalypse: Foreign Policy's Shane Ha...

The Lawfare Podcast: The American Defense Economy and the Future of American Prosperity

21 Aug 2015

Contributed by Lukas

With Congress is away, the economists will play, and last week, Brookings hosted a discussion on the health of the U.S. national security industrial b...

The Lawfare Podcast: Mike Janke on Encryption, Going Dark, and Corporate Social Responsibility

14 Aug 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, Ben posted five hard questions to both government and industry regarding encryption and the "going dark" debate. We posed these questions...

The Lawfare Podcast: Senator Tim Kaine on the One Year Anniversary of the War with ISIS

07 Aug 2015

Contributed by Lukas

The war with ISIS turns one today. This week, Senator Kaine marked the anniversary of the fight with a speech at the Cato Institute, which has generou...

The Lawfare Podcast: Monaco, Clapper, and Lynch --- The Aspen Security Forum Mixtape: Volume II

31 Jul 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, the Aspen Security Forum featured interviews from a host of Obama administration national security officials, some of which we provided la...

Comey, Johnson, and Rogers Speak at Aspen

25 Jul 2015

Contributed by Lukas

FBI Director James Comey, Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson, and NSA Director Adm. Michael Rogers all spoke this week at the Aspen Security Foru...

What to Think of Russia's Nuclear Threats

17 Jul 2015

Contributed by Lukas

While the world powers and Iran were embroiled in last minute negotiations last week, Brookings hosted a discussion on the meaning of another power...

Admiral Bob Day on Cybersecurity and Accountability

10 Jul 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, we invited the the Virginia Cyber Commission’s Executive Director, Rear Admiral Bob Day (USCG, Ret.) to come tell us more about the Commi...

Should the United States Put Boots on the Ground to Fight ISIS?

02 Jul 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, Brookings convened three policy experts, Michael Doran of the Hudson Institute, Brookings fellows Michael O’Hanlon and Jeremy Sharpiro, ...

Porn, Condoms, Pregnant Teens and the Privacy Benefits of Privacy Threats

26 Jun 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Benjamin Wittes gives a lecture at the George Mason Law and Economic Center on his paper with Jodie Liu, "The Privacy Paradox: The Privacy Benefits of...

Score One for Bahlul

19 Jun 2015

Contributed by Lukas

On this week’s Lawfare Podcast, Lawfare Managing Editor Wells Bennett invited Steve Vladeck of both Lawfare and Just Security, and Adam Thurschwell,...

Zivotofsky v. Kerry: The Jerusalem Passport Case

12 Jun 2015

Contributed by Lukas

On this week’s Lawfare Podcast, Lawfare Founding Editor Jack Goldsmith and former Deputy Assistant Attorney General Marty Lederman sat down to disc...

Lawfare is Dead! Long Live Lawfare!

04 Jun 2015

Contributed by Lukas

The Daily Beast's Shane Harris takes stages a coup, takes over the podcast, and interviews temporarily-deposed host Benjamin Wittes about the new webs...

Ben Powell Interviews Jim Comey

30 May 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, FBI Director James Comey spoke at the 3rd Annual Cybersecurity Law Institute, hosted by Georgetown University Law Center in cooperation w...

The Lawfare Podcast: The Modi Government Turns One

22 May 2015

Contributed by Lukas

Last May, the Bharatiya Janata Party won the first majority government in India in 25 years, giving newly minted Prime Minister Narendra Modi a broad ...

The Lawfare Podcast: Andrew March on the Islamic Law of War

15 May 2015

Contributed by Lukas

For months, the world has been transfixed by the apparent brutality of the Islamic State's practices in war. The beheading of journalists, the burnin...

The Triple Entente Beer Summit

09 May 2015

Contributed by Lukas

The Triple Entente Beer Summit was a great success, with an audience that filled the Washington Firehouse loft and a cast that mashed up Lawfare, Rati...

Striking a Balance --- Whistleblowing, Leaks, and Security Secrets

01 May 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, following the New York Times revelation of the purported identities of three covert CIA agents, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Adv...

A Lecture on "The Future of Violence"

25 Apr 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Benjamin Wittes spoke at the Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas on his and Gabriella Blum's new b...

Antony Blinken on the Future of Central Asia

17 Apr 2015

Contributed by Lukas

A few weeks ago, Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited Brookings for a public address on the current priorities and future prospects for ...

Oula Abdulhamid Alrifai: A Syrian's Story and a Country's Tragedy

10 Apr 2015

Contributed by Lukas

When Oula Abdulhamid Alrifai was nearly 19, her family fled Damascus for Washington under death threats from the Bashar Assad regime. Since she left, ...

Who is Vladimir Putin?

02 Apr 2015

Contributed by Lukas

With a tenuous ceasefire holding in Ukraine, we asked Fiona Hill onto the show to discuss the man behind the unrest: Vladimir Putin. Fiona is the c...

ISIS: The State of Terror

27 Mar 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Brookings hosted a book launch with Jessica Stern and co-author Brookings Fellow J.M. Berger for their new book, ISIS: The State of...

General Michael Lehnert on Closing GITMO

20 Mar 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, we invited Major General Michael Lehnert (Ret.), the first commander of the U.S. detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, onto the show....

The (Very Bright) Future of Violence

13 Mar 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Brookings hosted a book launch with Harvard Law Professor Gabriella Blum and co-author Benjamin Wittes for their new book, The Future of Vi...

Natan Sachs on Bibi's Visit to Washington

06 Mar 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu delivered a controversial address to a joint session of Congress over US President Barack Obama'...

HASC Hearing: Outside Perspectives on the AUMF

27 Feb 2015

Contributed by Lukas

On Thursday of this week, Lawfare’s Benjamin Wittes and Bobby Chesney, along with General Jack Keane, appeared before the House Armed Services Comm...

Benjamin Wittes - Constitution Day at the NSA

20 Feb 2015

Contributed by Lukas

In mid-September, Benjamin Wittes, Editor-in-Chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, delivered a keynote address on Constit...

Shane Harris and Benjamin Wittes with Serious Jokes on Surveillance

13 Feb 2015

Contributed by Lukas

A few weeks ago, Shane Harris and Benjamin Wittes spoke at Washington and Lee School of Law’s symposium on Cyber-surveillance in the Post-Snowden ...

Episode #109: Robet Litt on US Surveillance Policy One Year After PPD-28

06 Feb 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Robert S. Litt, General Counsel of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence gave a keynote speech at the Brookigns Institution o...

Episode #108: General Michael Hayden on Cybersurveillance in the Post-Snowden Age

30 Jan 2015

Contributed by Lukas

General Michael Hayden, former Director of both the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency, gave the keynote address ast weekend...

Episode #107: Tanvi Madan on the Future of the US-India Relationship

23 Jan 2015

Contributed by Lukas

With President Barack Obama on his way to India early next week, we asked Tanvi Madan, Fellow and Director of the India Project here at Brookings, ont...

Episode #106: An Interview with Daniel Reisner

16 Jan 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Ben and Matt Waxman sat down with Daniel Reisner, former head of the International Law Branch of the Israeli Defense Forces and current p...

Episode #105: Jack Goldsmith on North Korea, the FBI, and Attribution of the Sony Attack

09 Jan 2015

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Ben and Jack sat down in sunny Palo Alto to discuss what we know about the Sony Pictures cyber-attack, the FBI’s response, and the linger...

Episode #104: Rose Gottemoeller on

19 Dec 2014

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Rose Gottemoeller gave a keynote address at Brookings on US Nuclear Ar...

Episode #103: Mieke Eoyang on FAA Exclusivity

12 Dec 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Mieke Eoyang of Third Way discusses her provocative recent proposal on Lawfare for making the FISA Amendments Act the exclusive means by which the NSA...

Episode #102: Israeli Politics, Oy Vey!

04 Dec 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Brookings scholar Nathan Sachs discusses the Byzantine politics of the Israeli government, the fall of the latest government of Binyamin Netanyahu, an...

Episode #101: Jameel Jaffer, Bob Litt, and Bill Banks Debate FISA

20 Nov 2014

Contributed by Lukas

The ACLU's Jameel Jaffer, ODNI General Counsel Robert Litt, and Syracuse Law's William Banks debate FISA. Laura Donohue of Georgetown law school moder...

Episode #100: Shane Harris @War

13 Nov 2014

Contributed by Lukas

In our one hundredth episode of the podcast, Shane Harris of the Daily Beast talks about his new book, @War: The Rise of the Military-Internet Comple...

Episode #99: Jack Goldsmith on Obama's War Powers Legacy

06 Nov 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Jack Goldsmith speaks at the Hoover Institutions Fall 2014 retreat on "President Obama's War Powers Legacy."Support this show http://supporter.acast.c...

Episode #98: Chris Soghoian Response to FBI Director James Comey

30 Oct 2014

Contributed by Lukas

ACLU technologies Chris Soghoian takes on James Comey's proposal for preserving law enforcement access to smartphones.Support this show http://support...

Episode #97: Bahlul, Bahlul, Bahlul, Part Deux

24 Oct 2014

Contributed by Lukas

On Wednesday, a panel of the D.C. Circuit heard oral argument in Al Bahlul v. United States, a long running---and potentially quite consequential---ap...

Episode #96: Jim Comey on Going Dark

16 Oct 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Issues of privacy and security are at the forefront of public debate, particularly in light of recent national security disclosures and increasingly p...

Episode #95: India's Role in the World

10 Oct 2014

Contributed by Lukas

This week, Ambassador Shivshankar Menon, India's former national security advisor and former Foreign Secretary, gave a keynote address this week at ...

Episode #94: An Interview with Audrey Kurth Cronin

03 Oct 2014

Contributed by Lukas

With the recent decision by the Obama administration to begin launching airstrikes against Islamist militants in Iraq and Syria, questions have arisen...

Episode #93: Hardcore Dan Carlin

26 Sep 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Ben interviews Dan Carlin in a wide-ranging conversation on WWI, NSA, and how to make a podcast. Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/lawfare...

Episode #92: Ben Wittes on Constitution Day

19 Sep 2014

Contributed by Lukas

This week, the nation once again celebrated Constitution Day, and Ben gave the keynote address at Kenyon College, which we provide to you in full. In ...

Episode #91: ISIS, ISIL, IS, AUMF

13 Sep 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Benjamin Wittes, Robert Chesney, Shane Harris and Wells Bennett talk the politics and law of the ISIS AUMF--and why President Obama isn't seeking one....

Episode #90: The ISIL Threat - A National Counterterrorism Assessment

05 Sep 2014

Contributed by Lukas

 It’s already made the headlines, but earlier this week, Matt Olsen, Director of the National Counterterrorism Center delivered a keynote threat ...

Episode #89: Bone-Crushing Zombie Action

29 Aug 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Foreign Policy's Shane Harris hosts a panel--incuding Bobby Chesney, Benjamin Wittes, and Jennifer Daskal--on the law of the War on Zombies. What will...

Episode #88: Russia Breaking Bad and the Future of the International Order

21 Aug 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Earlier this week, the Brookings Institution hosted a panel on Russia’s place in the international order in the light of recent more aggressive turn...

Episode #87: The Future of Somalia

08 Aug 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Washington was abuzz this week as more than 50 African leaders were in town for the first U.S.-Africa Summit. Yesterday, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the P...

Episode #86: War in Gaza

01 Aug 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Benjamin Wittes discusses the ongoing crises in Gaza with Brookings scholars Natan Sachs, Khaled Elgindy, and Tamara Cofman Wittes. Support this sho...

Episode #85: Fernando Reinares on "Madrid 3/11 Bombings and the Future of Terrorism in Europe"

24 Jul 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Last week, Professor Fernando Reinares, a senior analyst on International Terrorism at the Elcano Royal Institute, delivered a talk on his new book, e...

Episode #84: Bahlul, Bahlul, Bahlul

17 Jul 2014

Contributed by Lukas

Benjamin Wittes, Wells Bennett, and Steve Vladeck sit down to talk aboout the D.C. Circuit Court's recent decision in the Al Bahlul case and what it ...

Episode #83: Bruce Riedel on "Lessons from America's Secret War in Afghanistan"

11 Jul 2014

Contributed by Lukas

As the election crisis in Afghanistan comes to a head, all eyes are once again on the future of Afghan democracy. But, America’s history in the regi...