Typology
Episodes
Saying Yes to the Truth About Yourself (Enneagram 4) [S05-041]
05 May 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Life doesn't always go as we plan. As we grow up, we develop certain expectations about who we are and what we'll become. But sometimes those drea...
Finding Self-Worth as an Enneagram 3 with Pat Flynn [S05-040]
28 Apr 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Threes tether their identity and self-worth to how others see them and strive for validation through their accomplishments. So, how does the...
Quiet the Mind, Awaken the Soul, feat. Rick Hamlin (Enneagram 2) [S05-039]
21 Apr 2022
Contributed by Lukas
As most of you know, I have long been an evangelist for a daily meditative practice if for no other reason than to help people on their journey of sel...
Redefining Masculinity with Enneagram 5, Brant Hansen [S05-E38]
14 Apr 2022
Contributed by Lukas
What does it mean to be "masculine." Unfortunately, there are a lot of conflicting ideas and messages about what a "real man" is (and is not). In toda...
7 Courageous Questions from Ian Cron [S05-037]
07 Apr 2022
Contributed by Lukas
When was the last time someone asked you a question that set you back on your heels? I've always been more interested in questions than answers. So, I...
Processing Trauma through the Mind-Body Connection, feat. Aundi Kolber (Enneagram 4) [S05-036]
31 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Trauma impacts not just our mental state, but also our emotional and physical health. So, in a world that teaches us to just "try harder" and keep pre...
Thriving in the marriage-business relationship between Type 8 and Type 9, feat. Christine and Steve Bailey [S05-035]
24 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
What happens when an unstoppable force meets an unmovable object? Well, it can either be a recipe for a really great relationship…or a not-so-grea...
Exploring Enneagram Ones with Ian's Editor, Jana Riess [S05-033]
17 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
We have a very special guest for you today…author, editor, and Enneagram One, Jana Riess joins me for an in-depth discussion about The Improvers. ...
Finding Deeper Meaning with Enneagram 7, Bob Goff (S05-033]
10 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
This week, attorney, author and Enneagram 7, Bob Goff shares how committing to therapy gave him a common language to better understand and communicate...
From Felon to Fitness to Freedom, feat. Doug Bopst (Enneagram 3) [S05-032]
03 Mar 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Every personality style has a story that includes a catalog of false beliefs about themselves and the world. But what happens when you take those fals...
Working Together to Rewrite Your Story [S05-031]
24 Feb 2022
Contributed by Lukas
If we're trying to change a million things about ourselves at once, we're only going to find ourselves feeling overwhelmed and discouraged. So, what d...
Using the Enneagram to Help Find Your Perfect Match, feat. Melissa Hobley, OkCupid [S05-030]
17 Feb 2022
Contributed by Lukas
How do you find your "perfect match" during a pandemic? Over the past two years, dating etiquette has changed and transparent and to-the-point convers...
Truth-telling, Reparations, and Forgiveness w/Lisa Sharon Harper (Type 3) [S05-029]
11 Feb 2022
Contributed by Lukas
How do you repair that which is broken? You must first be willing to see the truth. We all have broken stories that directly impact the choices we mak...
Enneagram Expert and Author AJ Sherrill [S05-028]
03 Feb 2022
Contributed by Lukas
How does the Enneagram help you grow spiritually? We've indirectly touched on this on Typology but I've always wanted to specifically explore the En...
Forming My Own Opinion as an Enneagram 9, feat. Andy Gullahorn [S05-027]
27 Jan 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Each Enneagram Type occupies a story about who they are and how they think the world works. The Enneagram Nine's story is built around the mistaken ...
Special Episode: Ian reads, "The Story of You," - Chapter One
24 Jan 2022
Contributed by Lukas
As you can imagine, when you're in the middle of a book launch, you talk to your publisher quite frequently. One of the things that kept coming up in ...
Embracing the Practically Divine in Ordinary Experiences, feat. Becca Stevens,
20 Jan 2022
Contributed by Lukas
In today's episode, Becca Stevens joins me for a conversation about embracing the divine in our everyday ordinary and extraordinary experiences. She r...
The Rhythms of Marriage and the Enneagram, feat. Chris and Jenni Graebe [S05-024]
14 Jan 2022
Contributed by Lukas
Do you long to enjoy your spouse over a lifetime but you don't know how to get there? How do you identify where you want to be in your relationship an...
Empowering Your Imagination with the Dynamic Type 7 Duo, Nathan and Joy Clarkson [S05-023]
06 Jan 2022
Contributed by Lukas
This is a first! In five seasons of Typology, we finally have our first pair of siblings….who share the same type! What better way to explore the ...
REPLAY: Dr. Curt Thompson on the Enneagram and Shame [S05-022]
30 Dec 2021
Contributed by Lukas
The Enneagram provides nine consistent, fairly predictable ways for us to understand and tell our narrative of how we operate in the world and make se...
REPLAY: Chuck Degroat on the Nine Faces of Narcissism {S05-021]
23 Dec 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We're taking a break to be with family over the holiday so we wanted to replay two topic-based episodes that have gone over extremely well with our li...
Scott Harrison Writes His Next Chapter [S05-020]
16 Dec 2021
Contributed by Lukas
After spending 10 years as a successful nightclub promoter in New York, Scott Harrison made a huge pivot to volunteer as a photojournalist on a hospit...
Why I Wrote My New Book (The Story of You) [S05-019]
09 Dec 2021
Contributed by Lukas
In this special episode, Anthony and I drop by the studio to talk about my new book, The Story of You, and what motivated me to write it. We all cra...
James Clear Discusses Personality Styles and Atomic Habits [S05-018]
02 Dec 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We all have stories that we tell ourselves and others about who we are and how we think the world works. Our daily behaviors and habits follow suit. P...
REPLAY: Is Your Story True? Exploring Narrative Through the Enneagram [S05-017]
25 Nov 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Have you ever stopped to ask yourself, "What if the story I tell myself and others about who I am and who I'm becoming isn't true?" As children, we ...
Master Class: The Challenger Moving to Grace, feat. Kirsten Powers
18 Nov 2021
Contributed by Lukas
CNN senior political analyst and USA Today columnist, Kirsten Powers, is back to talk about her new book, Saving Grace: Speak Your Truth, Stay Cent...
Aging Faithfully with Alice and Bob Fryling [S04-015]
11 Nov 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Alice and Bob Fryling join me for a wonderful conversation about aging together faithfully. This show is for people of all ages as we talk about bette...
Exploring the Soul of the Enneagram Eight w/Kayla Craig [S05-014]
04 Nov 2021
Contributed by Lukas
The Enneagram tells us that there are nine basic personality types, one of which we each gravitate towards in childhood. But if you dig a little dee...
Author John Driver on Honest Conversations about Race and Faith [S02-013]
28 Oct 2021
Contributed by Lukas
John Driver is an award-winning writer and collaborator of more than twenty-five books. In our conversation, we explore how understanding himself th...
Enneagram Mailbag: Ian Answers Your Questions [S05-012]
21 Oct 2021
Contributed by Lukas
I receive so many questions from our listeners via email and social media that I don't get to respond to them all. But I want you to know I'm paying a...
Healing from Past Sufferings, feat. Dr. Dan Allender [S05-011]
14 Oct 2021
Contributed by Lukas
How has your past uniquely prepared you to experience more joy? Dr. Dan Allender and I explore this question today in an insightful conversation about...
Amy Porterfield on the Gifts of Self-Awareness [S05-010]
07 Oct 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We've got another great guest for you today. Amy Porterfield, host of the top-ranked podcast, Online Marketing Made Easy, joins me for an insightful...
Soundtracks, feat. Jon Acuff and His Solution to Overthinking [S05-009]
30 Sep 2021
Contributed by Lukas
New York Times bestselling author Jon Acuff joins me for an in-depth conversation about the power of our thoughts, the harmful effects of overthinking...
What Were You Made For? feat. Max and Denalyn Lucado [S05-008]
23 Sep 2021
Contributed by Lukas
This week pastor, speaker, and bestselling author, Max Lucado and his wife Denalyn join me to talk about Max's new book, You Were Made for This Moment...
Escaping Burnout and Living At Your Best, feat. Carey Nieuwhof [S05-007]
16 Sep 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Overworked? Overwhelmed? Overcommitted? How do you balance your time, energy, and priorities to build the life you want? Today's guest, Carey Nieuwh...
Overcoming Crippling Codependency, feat. Taylor Tippett [S05-006]
09 Sep 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Let's face it...people are complicated. Our personalities are shaped by multiple factors, including temperament, character, environment, and life exp...
Can Joy and Sorrow Coexist? feat. Author K.J. Ramsey [S05-005]
02 Sep 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Joy and sorrow can coexist. But how do you live within the intersection of the two? KJ Ramsey, Enneagram 4w5 and Author of This Too Shall Last: Find...
Author Rebekah Lyons on Surrender and Acceptance [S05-004]
26 Aug 2021
Contributed by Lukas
To surrender is to accept what is...and until you surrender, you can't find healing. In today's episode, author Rebekah Lyons joins me to talk about t...
Living Lighter w/Allie Casazza [S05-003]
19 Aug 2021
Contributed by Lukas
How do you stop meeting the expectations and pressures of others and start living your life the way you want? In this empowering conversation, author ...
Finding Identity and Belonging, feat. Author Bonnie Gray (S05-002)
12 Aug 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Loneliness. Brokenness. The desire to belong. These are feelings we all share. But how do these emotions inhibit you from living as your most authen...
The Minimalists on Minimizing to Maximize What Truly Matters [S05-001]
05 Aug 2021
Contributed by Lukas
In the studio today, we welcome Joshua Fields Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus of The Minimalists. They've been featured in New York Times, Wall Street...
Kara Powell Shares the 3 Pivotal Questions We All Should Answer (Enneagram 3) [S04-058]
29 Jul 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Wouldn't it be great if you had an arsenal of conversation starters for the young adults in your life? Today's guest, Dr. Kara E. Powell joins me fo...
Darren Tyler Connects with his Feelings (Enneagram 5) [S04-057]
22 Jul 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We've got another great guest today. Darren Tyler is the Founder of Conduit Church of Franklin, TN. Conduit Church has been the vehicle of generosit...
Transforming Leaders w/Police Chief Mike Alexander (Enneagram 6) [S04-056]
15 Jul 2021
Contributed by Lukas
With over 40 years in law enforcement, Mike Alexander, MA, C.I.S.M. is a principal partner at LION Strategy Group which focuses on leadership developm...
Special Mailbag Episode: Ian answers your Enneagram questions [S05-055]
08 Jul 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We received such a great response from all of you after our last mailbag episode, that we're doing it again! Today, Anthony pulls a few more audience...
What's Her Enneagram Type? featuring Actress Brooklyn Sudano (S04-054)
01 Jul 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Whether you've known your type for years or just can't seem to nail it down, typing is not always easy. The Enneagram can be complicated and really un...
Centering on What Matters Most, feat. Brett Hagler (Enneagram 3) [S04-053]
24 Jun 2021
Contributed by Lukas
What does it look like when a young entrepreneur discovers his Enneagram type and commits to doing his work and encourages his team to do the same? To...
Discovering the Authentic Self feat. Bill Haslam (Enneagram 3) [S04-052]
17 Jun 2021
Contributed by Lukas
This week, Former Governor of Tennessee, Bill Haslam returns to the show. This time we talk about his new book, The Promise and the Peril of Faith i...
Breaking the Stigma Mental Health with Ryan Casey Waller [S04-051]
10 Jun 2021
Contributed by Lukas
"Mental health is health. We all have it. We can ignore it. We can mistreat it. We can take care of it. No matter what though, we can't deny that it e...
Special Mailbag Episode: Ian answers your Enneagram questions
03 Jun 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Today, I'm answering a few carryover questions from our monthly Typology Institute Membership Town Hall. Each month I host a live Town Hall for mem...
Why Emily Ley No Longer Keeps Score (Enneagram 2) [S04-049]
27 May 2021
Contributed by Lukas
This week's amazing guest, Emily Ley, is the Founder of Simplified, a brand of planners and organizational tools for busy women. She's been featured i...
Let's Talk Enneagram Nines, feat. Beatrice Chestnut (S04-048)
20 May 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Nines appear to be so uncomplicated, and yet they're actually very complicated. Enneagram Nines share a tendency to be other-referencing o...
Amy Downs' Radical Transformation (S04-047)
13 May 2021
Contributed by Lukas
How does a traumatic incident shape the narrative you tell about yourself? Our guest today, Amy Downs, shares her incredible transformation that occ...
Recovering Your Authentic Self feat. Holly Hayes [S04-046]
06 May 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Today, Holly Hayes, award-winning author, founder and CEO of Sanctuary Project, and Enneagram 3 joins me to explore the Enneagram as it relates to hea...
Let's Talk Enneagram 1 w/Beatrice Chestnut [S04-045]
29 Apr 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Ones value principles and integrity and are driven by the need to be good. They are conscientious and ethical and self-controlled. But as wi...
A Framework for Wholeness w/Seth Abram (Enneagram 9) [S04-044]
22 Apr 2021
Contributed by Lukas
I know many of you are looking forward to today's show and I'm thrilled to share this rich conversation with Enneagram Nine, Seth Abram. Seth is a lon...
David Nurse on Optimizing Your Potential with the Enneagram [S04-043]
15 Apr 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Today's guest, NBA Life Optimization Coach and former professional basketball player, David Nurse joins me to talk about the importance of self-awaren...
Let's Talk Enneagram 6 with Beatrice Chestnut [S04-042]
08 Apr 2021
Contributed by Lukas
In general, Enneagram Sixes focus on scanning for threats and risks, being prepared in case the worst happens, and predicting and anticipating what mi...
The Enneagram in Business [S04-041]
01 Apr 2021
Contributed by Lukas
What are the benefits of using the Enneagram in the corporate space? The Enneagram helps grow self-awareness and self-knowledge among team members and...
The Holderness Family Rules of Engagement and the Enneagram (S04-040)
25 Mar 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Everybody fights, so why not get better at it? But how? One of the great things about the Enneagram is it's a wonderful tool for improving commu...
Jonathan Pitts' Journey Through Grief [S04-039]
18 Mar 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Each of us digests or metabolizes grief in separate ways. It's important to understand how differently people grieve and allow others the space to gri...
Journey Into the Heart of the Enneagram Two with Beatrice Chestnut (S04-038)
11 Mar 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Relationships are extremely important to Enneagram Twos. They are the most interpersonal number on the Enneagram. They are other referencing -- fo...
MercyMe's Bart Millard Explores the Inner Workings of the Enneagram 6 [S04-037]
04 Mar 2021
Contributed by Lukas
The journey of self-understanding isn't easy. Each of us are deep, mysterious, and complex beings who don't fit into one specific box. Those complex...
Hip-Hop Artist Lecrae's Restoration through Authenticity [S04-036]
25 Feb 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We've got another great interview today. An entrepreneur, actor, musician, singer-songwriter, and music executive...hip-hop artist Lecrae joins me i...
How Hidden Beliefs Impacted Toni and Carey Nieuwhof's Marriage [S04-035]
18 Feb 2021
Contributed by Lukas
What mud do you bring into your relationships? Though we're often unaware of them until we can no longer ignore them, each of us carries hidden beli...
Audrey Assad Embodies the Intuitive Wisdom of an Enneagram 9 (S04-034)
11 Feb 2021
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Nines have an innate ability to foster peace with those around them. With their intuitive wisdom and great skill in listening to differenc...
Jordan Lee Dooley Owns Her Complex Emotions (Enneagram 3) [S04-033
04 Feb 2021
Contributed by Lukas
How do you do the things within your control without falling under the illusion that you are in control? Control is a big theme in all of our lives....
Morgan Harper Nichols Illustrates the Beauty in Connection
28 Jan 2021
Contributed by Lukas
As we navigate the current climate it's easy to become disconnected. But as humans, we're actually wired for connection. We must look for opportunit...
Aura Bora Founders, Maddie and Paul Voge on the Power of the Enneagram in their Marriage and Work (Enneagram 9 and 7) [S04-031]
21 Jan 2021
Contributed by Lukas
I often get emails from our listeners asking how the Enneagram can help their marriage. And usually, the email is asking for advice on a specific ty...
Chris Cook on Finding Your True Self After Trauma (Enneagram 1) [S04-030]
14 Jan 2021
Contributed by Lukas
I'm often asked how trauma affects your Enneagram type. The answer is: it's complicated. Trauma is the result of an extraordinarily stressful even...
Dr. Sasha Shillcutt: Empowerment through the Enneagram (Type 8) [S04-029]
07 Jan 2021
Contributed by Lukas
We often think of Enneagram Eights as powerful, charismatic, and natural leaders. They make great mentors with an uncanny ability to inspire and upl...
REPLAY: Lisa-Jo Baker Sets Boundaries as an Enneagram Two (S04-028)
31 Dec 2020
Contributed by Lukas
At their best, Enneagram Twos truly radiate the unconditional, altruistic love of God. They just sort of signal love out into the world in a way that ...
REPLAY: Anne Bogel Gets Decisive as an Enneagram 9 (S04-027)
23 Dec 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Decision making takes courage. But sometimes the commitment to find the best option consumes an enormous amount of mental energy and can leave any ...
Jelani Memory: What is Good Can be Gray (Enneagram 1) [S04-026]
17 Dec 2020
Contributed by Lukas
What is right and what is wrong? What is good? What is not good? We all tend to believe we know, but each one of us would answer these questions diffe...
Part 2: Leeann and Michelle Bring Humor to the Enneagram (Types 4 and 8) [S04-025]
10 Dec 2020
Contributed by Lukas
This week I continue the conversation with Leeann and Michelle. Blending humor, motherhood, and the Enneagram, Leeann and Michelle show how they appro...
Part 1: Leeann and Michelle Bring Humor to the Enneagram (Types 4 and 8) [S04-024]
03 Dec 2020
Contributed by Lukas
What happens when two comedians who love the Enneagram get together to make YouTube videos? You get over 50 amusing Enneagram-related videos to ente...
Jamie Grace Quiets the Noise (Enneagram 7) [S04-023]
26 Nov 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Sevens typically appear confident, optimistic, and sunny. They're experts at finding the silver lining in any given situation in an attemp...
Marcus Johns Learns He's Not in Control (Enneagram 8) [S04-022]
19 Nov 2020
Contributed by Lukas
The Enneagram is a wonderful instrument that helps us develop self-awareness and self-knowledge that allows us to move through the world more intellig...
Lee and Laura Camp on Healing with the Enneagram (Enneagram 1 and 8) [S04-021]
12 Nov 2020
Contributed by Lukas
I'm often asked what it's like for specific type-pairings to be in a relationship? I believe that any type can have a successful partnership as long...
Ben Higgins: Alone in Plain Sight as an Enneagram 4 (S04-020)
05 Nov 2020
Contributed by Lukas
We know that Enneagram Ones have a strong inner critic, but they're not alone. Just how loud is that inner critic for an Enneagram Four? What does...
Joshua Dubois on Leading with Self-Awareness and Empathy (Enneagram 8) [S04-019]
29 Oct 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Eights are charismatic individuals who lead through strength, competence, stability, and control. When self-aware, they learn to balance the...
Alli Worthington on Standing Strong as an Enneagram 7 [S04-018]
22 Oct 2020
Contributed by Lukas
One of my favorite quotes by M. Scott Peck is, "Life is difficult. This is a great truth, one of the greatest truths." Once you accept that life is ha...
Ken Coleman on Mistyping and the Enneagram [S04-018]
15 Oct 2020
Contributed by Lukas
When trying to figure out your Enneagram type it's important to know all nine types. If you think you know your type and just read up on that type, yo...
Part 2: Andy Stanley on Decision-Making and the Enneagram [S04-016]
08 Oct 2020
Contributed by Lukas
There's no question that we're living in a time where a lot of unprecedented decisions are being made all around us. In our current climate, it couldn...
Andy Stanley on Decision-Making with the Enneagram, Part 1 [S04-015]
01 Oct 2020
Contributed by Lukas
How do you make decisions? Does your initial response come from the head, heart, or gut? Our natural tendency is to think that everyone makes deci...
Bari Tessler: Why Every Type Needs a Financial Therapist (Enneagram 4) [S04-014]
24 Sep 2020
Contributed by Lukas
What is your relationship with money? Do you have a healthy one? Do you have a conscious one? Most of us don't receive a financial education or an e...
What the Enneagram Says About Your Money Style w/ Rachel Cruze (Enneagram 3) [S04-013]
17 Sep 2020
Contributed by Lukas
We all view the world through a different lens and the motivations that drive the decisions we make also vary. The Enneagram is a valuable tool for ...
Jamie Ivey on Living in the Present Moment (Enneagram 6) [S04-011]
03 Sep 2020
Contributed by Lukas
The ever-present passion (fear) that drives the Enneagram Six's way of acting, thinking, and feeling, is actually experienced as anxiety. Fear is what...
REPLAY: So Six-y It Hurts [S04-009]
27 Aug 2020
Contributed by Lukas
The more I know about life and people, the more I love Enneagram Sixes. Called Loyalists, Sixes are the most faithful and dependable people on the Enn...
REPLAY: Author Jo Saxton Lives Out Loud
20 Aug 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Another one of my favorite episodes is my interview from Season 1 with Jo Saxton. She's an author, speaker, podcast host, and leadership coach who h...
REPLAY: Richard Rohr on Getting Over Your "Self" with the Enneagram [S04-007]
13 Aug 2020
Contributed by Lukas
As we continue to celebrate reaching over 11 Million downloads, I'd like to revisit my interview with Fr. Richard Rohr. I first encountered the Enne...
REPLAY: There's Power in Peace w/Lysa Terkeurst (Enneagram 9) [S04-006]
06 Aug 2020
Contributed by Lukas
We want to thank all of our listeners for tuning in and sharing our episodes -- helping us reach our biggest milestone yet -- 11 million downloads! As...
Jenni Catron and Identity Work as an Enneagram 3 [S04-005]
30 Jul 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Driven by the desire to appear successful and distinguish themselves through their achievements, image-focused Enneagram Threes often appear confident...
Blake Mycoskie on the Process of Renewal as an Enneagram 7 [S04-004]
23 Jul 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Known for their playful, high-spirited, and spontaneous personalities, Enneagram Sevens infuse optimism and adventure in their daily interactions. B...
Ken Coleman on Using Proximity and the Enneagram to Find Your Dream Job [S04-003]
16 Jul 2020
Contributed by Lukas
Enneagram Eights are real forces of nature. They are incredibly hardworking with a great deal of energy, and their self-confidence and take-charge p...
Josh Radnor's Shift from the Outside In [S04-002]
09 Jul 2020
Contributed by Lukas
As a map of our interior world, the Enneagram is meant to bring about or enable spiritual transformation. But what does it look like when we are far e...
How the Enneagram Impacts Tori Kelly and André Murillo [S04-001]
02 Jul 2020
Contributed by Lukas
We're kicking off season 4 with a great episode! Today, Enneagram Four pop star Tori Kelly and former professional basketball player André Murillo jo...
Kendra Adachi's Lazy Genius Way to Embrace What Matters as an Enneagram One [S03-048]
25 Jun 2020
Contributed by Lukas
When I first heard an Improver wrote a book titled, The Lazy Genius Way, I had to get her on the show. How on earth does an Enneagram One, who typic...
Michael Hyatt on Vision-Driven Leadership [S03-047]
18 Jun 2020
Contributed by Lukas
What makes a great leader? We typically think of a strong leader as someone who knows where they are going and how to motivate others to get there. ...
Elizabeth Evans Flips the Script as an Enneagram 5 [S03-046]
11 Jun 2020
Contributed by Lukas
This week I'm thrilled to welcome podcast goddess and Enneagram Five, Elizabeth Evans. Having previously wrestled with a scarcity mindset that kept he...