参考文献1. Caldwell， R.R. (2002). A Phantom Menace? Cosmological Consequences of a Dark Energy Component with Super-Negative Equation of State. Physics Letters B， 545(1–2)， 23–29.2. Caldwell， R.R.， Kamionkowski， M.， & Weinberg， N.N. (2003). Phantom Energy： Dark Energy with w < −1 Causes a Cosmic Doomsday. Physical Review Letters， 91， 071301.3. Rees， M. (2003). Comments on the Big Rip scenario. Quoted in： Chown， M. (2003， March 22). ‘Phantom menace’ may rip up cosmos. New Scientist.4.Caldwell， R.R. (2003). Interview on phantom energy and Big Rip. New Scientist.5. Carroll， S. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry： An Introduction to General Relativity. Addison-Wesley. [Background on dark energy equation of state]

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