Adam Frank

And he said you could even calculate what, how many there were, five, six, In order to get to intelligence. And so this paper here, this plot, is all these different people who've written all these papers. And this is the point, actually. You can see all these papers that were written on the hard steps. Each one proposing a different set of what those steps should be.

And he said you could even calculate what, how many there were, five, six, In order to get to intelligence. And so this paper here, this plot, is all these different people who've written all these papers. And this is the point, actually. You can see all these papers that were written on the hard steps. Each one proposing a different set of what those steps should be.

And there's this other idea from biology of the major transitions in evolution, MTEs, that those were the hard steps. But what we actually found was... that none of those are actually hard. The whole idea of hard steps, that there are hard steps, is actually suspect. So what's amazing about this model is it shows how important it is to actually work with people who are in the field, right?

And there's this other idea from biology of the major transitions in evolution, MTEs, that those were the hard steps. But what we actually found was... that none of those are actually hard. The whole idea of hard steps, that there are hard steps, is actually suspect. So what's amazing about this model is it shows how important it is to actually work with people who are in the field, right?

And there's this other idea from biology of the major transitions in evolution, MTEs, that those were the hard steps. But what we actually found was... that none of those are actually hard. The whole idea of hard steps, that there are hard steps, is actually suspect. So what's amazing about this model is it shows how important it is to actually work with people who are in the field, right?

So Brandon Carter was a brilliant physicist, the guy who came up with this. And then lots of physicists and astrophysicists like me have used this But the people who actually study evolution and the planet were never involved, right? And if you went and talked to an evolutionary biologist or a biogeophysicist, they'd look at you when you explained this to them and they'd be like, what?

So Brandon Carter was a brilliant physicist, the guy who came up with this. And then lots of physicists and astrophysicists like me have used this But the people who actually study evolution and the planet were never involved, right? And if you went and talked to an evolutionary biologist or a biogeophysicist, they'd look at you when you explained this to them and they'd be like, what?

So Brandon Carter was a brilliant physicist, the guy who came up with this. And then lots of physicists and astrophysicists like me have used this But the people who actually study evolution and the planet were never involved, right? And if you went and talked to an evolutionary biologist or a biogeophysicist, they'd look at you when you explained this to them and they'd be like, what?

Like, what are you guys doing? Turns out none of the details or none of the conceptual structure of this matches with evolution. what the people actually study the planet and its evolution.

Like, what are you guys doing? Turns out none of the details or none of the conceptual structure of this matches with evolution. what the people actually study the planet and its evolution.

Like, what are you guys doing? Turns out none of the details or none of the conceptual structure of this matches with evolution. what the people actually study the planet and its evolution.

Well, there's two things. The first most important one was that the planet and the biosphere have evolved together. That's something that every, you know, most biogeophysicists completely accept. And it was the first thing that Carter kind of rejected. He said, like, no, that's probably not possible.

Well, there's two things. The first most important one was that the planet and the biosphere have evolved together. That's something that every, you know, most biogeophysicists completely accept. And it was the first thing that Carter kind of rejected. He said, like, no, that's probably not possible.

Well, there's two things. The first most important one was that the planet and the biosphere have evolved together. That's something that every, you know, most biogeophysicists completely accept. And it was the first thing that Carter kind of rejected. He said, like, no, that's probably not possible.

And yet, you know, like if he'd only sort of had more discussions with this other community would have seemed like, no, there are actually windows that open up. And then the next thing is this idea of whether a step is hard or not.

And yet, you know, like if he'd only sort of had more discussions with this other community would have seemed like, no, there are actually windows that open up. And then the next thing is this idea of whether a step is hard or not.

And yet, you know, like if he'd only sort of had more discussions with this other community would have seemed like, no, there are actually windows that open up. And then the next thing is this idea of whether a step is hard or not.

Because for a hard, what you mean by a hard step is that, like I said, every time there's a generation, every time there's the next generation born, you're rolling the dice on whether this mutation will happen. And the idea of something being a hard step, there's two ways in which something might even appear as a hard step and not be, or actually not be a hard step at all.

Because for a hard, what you mean by a hard step is that, like I said, every time there's a generation, every time there's the next generation born, you're rolling the dice on whether this mutation will happen. And the idea of something being a hard step, there's two ways in which something might even appear as a hard step and not be, or actually not be a hard step at all.

Because for a hard, what you mean by a hard step is that, like I said, every time there's a generation, every time there's the next generation born, you're rolling the dice on whether this mutation will happen. And the idea of something being a hard step, there's two ways in which something might even appear as a hard step and not be, or actually not be a hard step at all.