Azeem Azhar

And the open source challenge, the open weight challenge that we normally associate with Chinese AI companies is a really important one.

Because at some point, you may get to a stage that for many workloads, you don't need the biggest, heaviest, state-of-the-art model.

What you need is a lightweight model that is fast, that is cheap, and does what you need in that context.

You'll also start to see more and more inference happening on the edge, that is on devices that we hold in our hands, in factories, in cars.

These are places where open AI could play, but they're not places where

OpenAI currently does play, right?

It doesn't really, we don't think of it as a provider of edge-based models.

And then I think something that certainly will happen, and of course they can lean into this, is that specialist vertical models, particularly in enterprises, will persist because they can be much smaller and faster and cheaper than big models, but do exactly what that customer wants.

enterprise customer needs them to do, whether it is do OCR on insurance claims forms or look at security breaches across a network.

These models will be highly, highly tuned.

And of course, we shouldn't forget that there's an enormous amount of capex that is required and will continue to be required over the coming years, which is going to potentially be a constraint, right?

If the debt providers and credit providers are not willing to back this build-out,

which they are so far, and I think will do for another 18 months or so, that could end up being a constraint.

And the next constraint will be energy, whether the American energy system in particular will be able to cope with ongoing demands.

I mean, it already seems like most

Demand growth for the next few years will get soaked up by AI data centers.

I mean, on this front, of course, OpenAI has built relationships in the Middle East and up in Norway and elsewhere so that it can start to serve customers in those geographies.

A quick note.

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But perhaps one of the big unknowns is what might happen with alternative architectures.