David Allison

Nobody.

I think that Dudley Lamming sent, and Dudley's a great scientist and a good friend who studies protein, mainly in mice and other things, but also a little bit in humans.

I think he cited a couple of references, and I think they were from Luigi Fontana, if I recall correctly.

And there was some short-term trials in patients with cancer, and I don't remember all the details.

If my memory also serves me correctly, there was no statistically significant effect on what I would call an intrinsically, clinically important outcome.

There wasn't a statistically significant effect on lifespan.

And we're also going to have to really dig into this idea of when we've got different sources of data, and none of which are the data we really want, what we really want is the randomized controlled trial

in tens of thousands of people so we can look at subgroups and we'd have a lot of power.

We want perfect adherence.

We want it free living.

We want it in people eating foods under the circumstances about which we're going to make claims.

Most of us are not asking, well, if I...

am on TPN and unconscious and being tube fed by a surgeon, then what?

Most of us are saying, when I go to the grocery store and decide what I want to bring home for dinner tonight, then what?

And those are not the same thing.

So we won't have that.

We'll have lousy epidemiologic studies with lousy self-reported data following people, large groups for long periods of time and causal inference will be fraught.

We'll have mouse studies in which we're not sure we can generalize from the mouse to the human.

We'll have short-term studies of people being tube fed.

We want to talk about long-term studies of people eating quote-unquote ordinary foods in ordinary ways.