Dominic D'Agostino

to the molecule.

And when you consume it, you quickly liberate the ketones.

So you get a quick elevation of ketones, beta-hydroxybutyrate or pseudoacetate.

And then the 1,3-butanediol then goes to the liver and the pharmacokinetics, and we mimicked it exactly in our lab.

You have an initial peak.

And then like an hour or two later, you have a second peak from the 1,3-butanediol.

It's dose-dependently potentially problematic.

And with the 1,3-butanediol, there's two issues would be the potential for liver toxicity in people that do not have healthy livers.

Like my liver is pretty healthy, I think, and it doubled my liver enzymes if I take a large dose for two weeks.

And then the other thing is if you take a large dose of 1,3-butanediol, the narcotic effect in someone who's frail, who doesn't have good stability, it's going to, in Dr. Veach's word, it's going to make you drunk stupid.

Because I was trying to acquire some of his ester for something and I was like, well, I'm just going to use 1,3-butanediol.

And he kind of talked me out of it.

The whole reason for developing the monoester was to avert the problem.

Yeah, 1,3-butanediol that's, yeah, bounded to beta-hydroxybutyrate.

So you could say it either way, yep.

Yeah, you could take half the amount.

The kinetics are a little bit slower, too, because you have to hydrolyze the BHB from that in the liver.

You can, yeah.

So there's a free acid.

I tinkered with that originally.