Dr Emily Musgrove

Okay.

There are four characteristics of self-efficacy in accordance with Bandura's model.

And the first one is that we have in some ways our physical needs met.

So we have our needs met for food, water, shelter.

That's the baseline.

We have to be physically well in order to have a sense of agency.

The second condition is actually our self-talk and this capacity to give yourselves pep talks, to be a cheerleader, to be on your own side in that way.

So this is this internal self-talk here, not in terms of being positively toxic, for example, but

But being realistic, like something like even phrases that you might say, Emily, this is hard, but you've got this.

So this kind of cheerleading statement here that this is hard, but I know you can do this.

Yeah, totally.

So this kind of internal narrative of almost like the internal mentor that you can do this.

That's the second condition.

The third condition is having a model for this pathway.

And so for, you know, in many instances it might be that there's someone that you admire that has shown you this pathway and

For any minority group, it's seeing someone achieve something, you know, that you haven't seen before.

It might be that you're the first person in your family history to go to university, for example, but you've witnessed someone lead the path there or find...

Yeah, that is absolutely spot on.

This model here that if you can do that, so can I. And that's kind of generating such hopefulness.

And really kind of strengthening this belief that this is possible.