Dr. Nolan Williams

So they don't work

the same day you start taking them.

And that suggests that probably it's not exactly the serotonin being in there that's directly driving it, that it's much more likely that it may have some brain plasticity effects, right?

There's not a deficit of serotonin.

You're not born with what people call a chemical imbalance.

And psychiatry has known this.

This is not actually new information to anybody.

You know, it's kind of a

rehashing of a bunch of information we've known for a while now, but in the lay press it's kind of hit in a way that it didn't seem to grab attention before with previous publications.

But this idea that this chemical imbalance idea is wrong, I really think that part's important because I think that what I'll call psychiatry 1.0, right, this kind of idea of Freud and psychotherapy and its origins,

it was a lot around you know your family and those experiences and psychotherapy kind of going in and correcting or helping you to figure out or and you know show you being able to see or people hear you so that you can eventually come to the conclusion of certain cognitions that aren't helping you right things like the schizophrenogenic mother and all that you know that was a concept at some point right and so we've transitioned from that to to the you know for a long time the chemical imbalance which i'll call

psychiatry 2.0 you know this idea that there's something chemically missing the trouble there for a patient right is that it's telling it's sending a message of there's something missing with me whether it be my experiences I had no control of over when I was a child or

a chemical in my brain.

What I think is really powerful with TMS, really powerful TMS, and a level even powerful with the psychedelics story, is it's saying something different.

You know, TMS works and there's no serotonin coming in or out of the brain, right?

And we're doing a rapid form of TMS that works in one to five days.

So there's no, it's very unlikely that there's some long-term kind of upregulation of serotonin that's driving that.

So our work actually kind of pushes back on this serotonin hypothesis as being kind of the center of depression because it says, look, we're not giving anybody any serotonin.

We're simply turning these brain regions on

and we're focused on the circuitry, and that's psychiatry 3.0.