Kevin McKernan

Yeah, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Yeah, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Yeah, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Yes. As Neanderthal came out and the Denisovans played a role in some of this. So they're still piecing some of that structure together with paleogenomics. So there's a whole field where you can go back and sequence things that are old. Like I was involved in one sequencing Utsi, the mummy, which they found frozen in ice that was probably 5,000 years old up in the Alps. Oh, really?

Yes. As Neanderthal came out and the Denisovans played a role in some of this. So they're still piecing some of that structure together with paleogenomics. So there's a whole field where you can go back and sequence things that are old. Like I was involved in one sequencing Utsi, the mummy, which they found frozen in ice that was probably 5,000 years old up in the Alps. Oh, really?

Yes. As Neanderthal came out and the Denisovans played a role in some of this. So they're still piecing some of that structure together with paleogenomics. So there's a whole field where you can go back and sequence things that are old. Like I was involved in one sequencing Utsi, the mummy, which they found frozen in ice that was probably 5,000 years old up in the Alps. Oh, really?

Just to understand what were the genetics like back then. I think they, interestingly enough, found Lyme disease in that guy. Really? That's something that shocked everyone because everyone believed that was a new world. And this guy was from 3000 BC?

Just to understand what were the genetics like back then. I think they, interestingly enough, found Lyme disease in that guy. Really? That's something that shocked everyone because everyone believed that was a new world. And this guy was from 3000 BC?

Just to understand what were the genetics like back then. I think they, interestingly enough, found Lyme disease in that guy. Really? That's something that shocked everyone because everyone believed that was a new world. And this guy was from 3000 BC?

Something like that, yeah. It's about 5,000 years ago. Yeah, that sounds about right. There's another, Pablo, what's Pablo's last name? There's a really good paleogenomicist I'm forgetting, but he actually, I think he maybe even got a Nobel Prize, so I should know this. It'll come up. But he has done a lot of work in developing the methods that make it possible to sequence DNA that's that old.

Something like that, yeah. It's about 5,000 years ago. Yeah, that sounds about right. There's another, Pablo, what's Pablo's last name? There's a really good paleogenomicist I'm forgetting, but he actually, I think he maybe even got a Nobel Prize, so I should know this. It'll come up. But he has done a lot of work in developing the methods that make it possible to sequence DNA that's that old.

Something like that, yeah. It's about 5,000 years ago. Yeah, that sounds about right. There's another, Pablo, what's Pablo's last name? There's a really good paleogenomicist I'm forgetting, but he actually, I think he maybe even got a Nobel Prize, so I should know this. It'll come up. But he has done a lot of work in developing the methods that make it possible to sequence DNA that's that old.

Because when DNA gets that old, it tends to break down in a particular manner, in a predictable manner. And you have to be aware of that in order to sequence it. And he's been very good at getting like woolly mammoth to sequence in a variety of old things. So you can begin to put that back together. Svante Pabo. There he is. Yes. I forgot his first name.

Because when DNA gets that old, it tends to break down in a particular manner, in a predictable manner. And you have to be aware of that in order to sequence it. And he's been very good at getting like woolly mammoth to sequence in a variety of old things. So you can begin to put that back together. Svante Pabo. There he is. Yes. I forgot his first name.

Because when DNA gets that old, it tends to break down in a particular manner, in a predictable manner. And you have to be aware of that in order to sequence it. And he's been very good at getting like woolly mammoth to sequence in a variety of old things. So you can begin to put that back together. Svante Pabo. There he is. Yes. I forgot his first name.

um so yeah he's a real pioneer in being able to do this uh this type of work but um that helps um bring the picture back but you're right we are a a diaspora that came through a bottleneck and um which is one reason why many people on the genome project were um i think there's a strong message in here that that this this idea of um race differences is actually irrelevant when you look at the genomes right do we have any idea when that bottleneck occurred

um so yeah he's a real pioneer in being able to do this uh this type of work but um that helps um bring the picture back but you're right we are a a diaspora that came through a bottleneck and um which is one reason why many people on the genome project were um i think there's a strong message in here that that this this idea of um race differences is actually irrelevant when you look at the genomes right do we have any idea when that bottleneck occurred

um so yeah he's a real pioneer in being able to do this uh this type of work but um that helps um bring the picture back but you're right we are a a diaspora that came through a bottleneck and um which is one reason why many people on the genome project were um i think there's a strong message in here that that this this idea of um race differences is actually irrelevant when you look at the genomes right do we have any idea when that bottleneck occurred

I think there is – probably 100,000 years ago was when the diaspora was most extreme. Although you can find obviously hominids back a million years. They go as far back as Australopithecus. We haven't gotten sequence from material that's that old. I think some of the records and sequencing are probably – 50 or 100,000 years. I haven't kept directly up to speed with it.

I think there is – probably 100,000 years ago was when the diaspora was most extreme. Although you can find obviously hominids back a million years. They go as far back as Australopithecus. We haven't gotten sequence from material that's that old. I think some of the records and sequencing are probably – 50 or 100,000 years. I haven't kept directly up to speed with it.