Paul Turek

Wow. And most men are fertile. But so again, you look at the semen analysis as a poker hand and you see count motility being down, nothing else going on. And you see a varicocele and it's implicated. All right, have we missed any other of the major? Yeah, I'd say the major ones are varicocele, and then I would look for hormonal issues. So varicocele's maybe 40, hormonal maybe 10 or 15, genetics.

Wow. And most men are fertile. But so again, you look at the semen analysis as a poker hand and you see count motility being down, nothing else going on. And you see a varicocele and it's implicated. All right, have we missed any other of the major? Yeah, I'd say the major ones are varicocele, and then I would look for hormonal issues. So varicocele's maybe 40, hormonal maybe 10 or 15, genetics.

The most common one is for zero sperm is client filter, is extrax chromosome. The most common one for low sperm count is Y chromosome deletions. This is an interesting area. What does that phenotype look like?

The most common one is for zero sperm is client filter, is extrax chromosome. The most common one for low sperm count is Y chromosome deletions. This is an interesting area. What does that phenotype look like?

In general?

In general?

Yeah. Because it's only the long arm and it's only a couple of floors on the building. There's regions that are missing. I see. Okay.

Yeah. Because it's only the long arm and it's only a couple of floors on the building. There's regions that are missing. I see. Okay.

Got it.

Got it.

So it's the long arm and it's deletions, regions. Yeah. Rhyme of deletion. You're right. So Randy Riopera found... at MIT 20, 30 years ago now that the Y chromosome is a hall of mirrors. And in meiosis, every chromosome has a partner, except the Y and the X and a man. The Y plays with itself. It combines with itself. Instead of finding a partner, it has to do the dance too.

So it's the long arm and it's deletions, regions. Yeah. Rhyme of deletion. You're right. So Randy Riopera found... at MIT 20, 30 years ago now that the Y chromosome is a hall of mirrors. And in meiosis, every chromosome has a partner, except the Y and the X and a man. The Y plays with itself. It combines with itself. Instead of finding a partner, it has to do the dance too.

And so it changes a lot. So it's very adaptable. It actually comes from the X through evolution. So there's a lot of X genes that are on the Y, and the Y, we thought it was sort of a wasteland, maybe hairy ears and tooth decay and things like that, but now it's probably more important. So there are regions on the long arm of the Y. The short arm of the Y is very important.

And so it changes a lot. So it's very adaptable. It actually comes from the X through evolution. So there's a lot of X genes that are on the Y, and the Y, we thought it was sort of a wasteland, maybe hairy ears and tooth decay and things like that, but now it's probably more important. So there are regions on the long arm of the Y. The short arm of the Y is very important.

It has a gene called SRY, which makes you male. The SRY is the male sex-determining gene. If you have that gene, your phenotype will be male. If you don't have that gene, you're probably going to be female. It's complicated now, but that's sort of what it is.

It has a gene called SRY, which makes you male. The SRY is the male sex-determining gene. If you have that gene, your phenotype will be male. If you don't have that gene, you're probably going to be female. It's complicated now, but that's sort of what it is.

But the long arm has these genes that control fertility, and some of them, so typically we order it in men with a low sperm count of below 5 million. That would be a pretty common cause of a sperm count lower than 5 million.

But the long arm has these genes that control fertility, and some of them, so typically we order it in men with a low sperm count of below 5 million. That would be a pretty common cause of a sperm count lower than 5 million.

And I published a study that if you have a Y chromosome deletion and you have a varicocele and they both cause low sperm counts and you fix the varicocele, you're not going to improve because it's non-modifiable in all ways. It's who you are. But if you didn't have the Y chromosome deletion and you fix the varix, you'll expect a good response.

And I published a study that if you have a Y chromosome deletion and you have a varicocele and they both cause low sperm counts and you fix the varicocele, you're not going to improve because it's non-modifiable in all ways. It's who you are. But if you didn't have the Y chromosome deletion and you fix the varix, you'll expect a good response.