Piotr Nater
speaker
792 appearances
1 recordings
1 series
first heard Aug 2026
last heard 8 Aug
Piotr Nater’s voice in public audio — every appearance, attributed to the second.
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recordings per month · last 12 monthsRecordings per month over the last 12 months — 1 in all, peaking in Aug 2026 with 1.
Appearances
The sympathies of the majority in Sweden were undoubtedly on Charles' side.
Uprisings against the king's religious measures had already taken place in Stockholm.
These things induced John to proceed more guardedly.
Meanwhile, the house of Vasa was called to ascend one more step to power and greatness.
The Poles offered their royal crown to Zigismund, John's son.
This meant it must be acknowledged, but little real authority.
In the second half of the fifteenth century the power of the nobles had so increased in Poland as to leave the crown only a personal influence.
The Diet of Piotrkov, in fourteen ninety six, had completed the humiliation of the crown by excluding commoners altogether from the higher ecclesiastical dignities and reducing all non noble countrymen to actual serfdom.
The king was bound in every political decision by the advice of the council of one hundred and forty six dignitaries who made up the Senate.
The former general meetings of the nobility had been replaced by a representative diet, but what in other countries had had a most beneficial influence was to Poland only a source of new evils, and
For every Palatinate, district, in its special diet, diatine, enjoined upon its nuncios or representatives, an imperative mandate, for the faithful carrying out of which they were to render strict account on their return from the national diets.
The federal character of the Polish state was kept up until its downfall, especially as Prussia and Lithuania kept aloof from the Polish diet.
A policy of compromise, conciliation, and a fair consideration of the rights of the minority was made altogether impossible by this mandate system.
The minority, therefore, helped itself by assuming the right of confederation, that is, of banding together to resist the diet and its decisions.
Force, in the form of civil war, had then to decide.
The Confederates did not consider themselves as rebels, nor were they so considered by others.
The crown lost the right to decide on peace or war.
This caricature of a constitution was to have results the more disastrous as the Turks on the south and the Muscovites, under Ivan III and Fourth on the east, were pressing upon Poland.
Nothing but the wild valour of the Polish nobles could temporarily heal or conceal the deep wounds which their unlimited lawlessness inflicted upon their native country.
In the year fifteen oh six Sigismund I had ascended the throne.
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