Professor Catherine Steel

And Cicero sets this up, and it happens, and therefore he is in a position, Cicero is in a position to bring to the Senate, which he does on December the 3rd, five letters in which various Romans reveal their treacherous plotting. And what is particularly horrifying about this is some of these Romans are quite senior.

And Cicero sets this up, and it happens, and therefore he is in a position, Cicero is in a position to bring to the Senate, which he does on December the 3rd, five letters in which various Romans reveal their treacherous plotting. And what is particularly horrifying about this is some of these Romans are quite senior.

So there's an ex-consul who was holding the praetorship that year, and I think a couple of other senators. So this is kind of the heart of the establishment are apparently in league with foreign enemies. So this is a big deal. The men involved are arrested. And then there's a big debate on December the 5th as to what to do with them.

So there's an ex-consul who was holding the praetorship that year, and I think a couple of other senators. So this is kind of the heart of the establishment are apparently in league with foreign enemies. So this is a big deal. The men involved are arrested. And then there's a big debate on December the 5th as to what to do with them.

So there's an ex-consul who was holding the praetorship that year, and I think a couple of other senators. So this is kind of the heart of the establishment are apparently in league with foreign enemies. So this is a big deal. The men involved are arrested. And then there's a big debate on December the 5th as to what to do with them.

And from Cicero's point of view, this is where his public career starts to collapse. It doesn't look like at the time, but it does because the result of that debate is a vote for execution, which Cicero oversees on the evening of December the 5th. And that's very, very problematic legally. He has no legal authority whatsoever to execute citizens without trial.

And from Cicero's point of view, this is where his public career starts to collapse. It doesn't look like at the time, but it does because the result of that debate is a vote for execution, which Cicero oversees on the evening of December the 5th. And that's very, very problematic legally. He has no legal authority whatsoever to execute citizens without trial.

And from Cicero's point of view, this is where his public career starts to collapse. It doesn't look like at the time, but it does because the result of that debate is a vote for execution, which Cicero oversees on the evening of December the 5th. And that's very, very problematic legally. He has no legal authority whatsoever to execute citizens without trial.

Now, we know a lot about this debate because Sallust, who wrote a monograph on the Catilinarian conspiracy, includes towards the end of it an enormous account of the debate in the Senate. We also have Cicero's speech, which he publishes himself as the fourth Catilinarian. Interestingly, Sallust gives Cicero virtually no part in the debate.

Now, we know a lot about this debate because Sallust, who wrote a monograph on the Catilinarian conspiracy, includes towards the end of it an enormous account of the debate in the Senate. We also have Cicero's speech, which he publishes himself as the fourth Catilinarian. Interestingly, Sallust gives Cicero virtually no part in the debate.

Now, we know a lot about this debate because Sallust, who wrote a monograph on the Catilinarian conspiracy, includes towards the end of it an enormous account of the debate in the Senate. We also have Cicero's speech, which he publishes himself as the fourth Catilinarian. Interestingly, Sallust gives Cicero virtually no part in the debate.

He concentrates instead on the argument against capital punishment and the restatement of the argument for capital punishment. And the argument for capital punishment, which wins the day, is restated by Cato, who will become known as Cato Uticensis, the Cato who fights against Caesar during the Civil War and dies by suicide after he's defeated Utica, that great Stoic sage of the late Republic.

He concentrates instead on the argument against capital punishment and the restatement of the argument for capital punishment. And the argument for capital punishment, which wins the day, is restated by Cato, who will become known as Cato Uticensis, the Cato who fights against Caesar during the Civil War and dies by suicide after he's defeated Utica, that great Stoic sage of the late Republic.

He concentrates instead on the argument against capital punishment and the restatement of the argument for capital punishment. And the argument for capital punishment, which wins the day, is restated by Cato, who will become known as Cato Uticensis, the Cato who fights against Caesar during the Civil War and dies by suicide after he's defeated Utica, that great Stoic sage of the late Republic.

And the case against capital punishment is put by Caesar. And this is really interesting in terms of the dynamics of senatorial debate, because what seems to have happened is that Cicero kind of opened the debate, and then one of the consuls-elect, who was going to take office in a few weeks' time, Silenus, puts the motion of death.

And the case against capital punishment is put by Caesar. And this is really interesting in terms of the dynamics of senatorial debate, because what seems to have happened is that Cicero kind of opened the debate, and then one of the consuls-elect, who was going to take office in a few weeks' time, Silenus, puts the motion of death.

And the case against capital punishment is put by Caesar. And this is really interesting in terms of the dynamics of senatorial debate, because what seems to have happened is that Cicero kind of opened the debate, and then one of the consuls-elect, who was going to take office in a few weeks' time, Silenus, puts the motion of death.

And everybody agrees with him, because you're called to express your opinion in a senatorial debate in order of seniority. And it is not until we get to the praetors-elect...

And everybody agrees with him, because you're called to express your opinion in a senatorial debate in order of seniority. And it is not until we get to the praetors-elect...

And everybody agrees with him, because you're called to express your opinion in a senatorial debate in order of seniority. And it is not until we get to the praetors-elect...