Professor Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones

But it wasn't just them. Woolly rhinos, horses, giant bison were out there as well, because these are all grazers. These are all animals that, well, rhino to a lesser extent, but certainly horse, bison, and mammoth are animals that love large grasslands. And they're there in abundance, large, relatively dry underfoot grasslands.

But it wasn't just them. Woolly rhinos, horses, giant bison were out there as well, because these are all grazers. These are all animals that, well, rhino to a lesser extent, but certainly horse, bison, and mammoth are animals that love large grasslands. And they're there in abundance, large, relatively dry underfoot grasslands.

But it wasn't just them. Woolly rhinos, horses, giant bison were out there as well, because these are all grazers. These are all animals that, well, rhino to a lesser extent, but certainly horse, bison, and mammoth are animals that love large grasslands. And they're there in abundance, large, relatively dry underfoot grasslands.

Mammoths have been in North America, south of the Arctic, starting around 1.35 million years ago. Oh, wow. So they've been here for a very long time. Now, what species of mammoth that was is not altogether clear because there are two species of mammoths in the Americas. It's sort of difficult.

Mammoths have been in North America, south of the Arctic, starting around 1.35 million years ago. Oh, wow. So they've been here for a very long time. Now, what species of mammoth that was is not altogether clear because there are two species of mammoths in the Americas. It's sort of difficult.

Mammoths have been in North America, south of the Arctic, starting around 1.35 million years ago. Oh, wow. So they've been here for a very long time. Now, what species of mammoth that was is not altogether clear because there are two species of mammoths in the Americas. It's sort of difficult.

When we go that far back, we tend to work at the genus level in the Linnaean hierarchy for those listeners who remember Linnaeus and all that other stuff that you had to memorize in eighth grade biology. What's that? Sorry, for someone who was terrible at grading biology. Oh, kingdom, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species, right?

When we go that far back, we tend to work at the genus level in the Linnaean hierarchy for those listeners who remember Linnaeus and all that other stuff that you had to memorize in eighth grade biology. What's that? Sorry, for someone who was terrible at grading biology. Oh, kingdom, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species, right?

When we go that far back, we tend to work at the genus level in the Linnaean hierarchy for those listeners who remember Linnaeus and all that other stuff that you had to memorize in eighth grade biology. What's that? Sorry, for someone who was terrible at grading biology. Oh, kingdom, phylum, order, family, class, genus, species, right?

We know that actually from isotopic evidence in their bones that they would graze over vast areas. They were not at the top of the food chain insofar as predators are going to be hovering above herbivores. So your carnivores are going to be up there at the top. But they were certainly the large herbivore on that landscape. That's why they had that role as a keystone species.

We know that actually from isotopic evidence in their bones that they would graze over vast areas. They were not at the top of the food chain insofar as predators are going to be hovering above herbivores. So your carnivores are going to be up there at the top. But they were certainly the large herbivore on that landscape. That's why they had that role as a keystone species.

We know that actually from isotopic evidence in their bones that they would graze over vast areas. They were not at the top of the food chain insofar as predators are going to be hovering above herbivores. So your carnivores are going to be up there at the top. But they were certainly the large herbivore on that landscape. That's why they had that role as a keystone species.

They could be very destructive on a landscape too. Knock down trees as they're moving around, chewing up the landscape as they're grazing, that kind of thing.

They could be very destructive on a landscape too. Knock down trees as they're moving around, chewing up the landscape as they're grazing, that kind of thing.

They could be very destructive on a landscape too. Knock down trees as they're moving around, chewing up the landscape as they're grazing, that kind of thing.

I've seen mammoth footprints, okay? I can't tell by their sneakers whether it was a mammoth or a Colombian, a woolly mammoth or a Colombian mammoth. There's actually a science of footprints. And for the life of me, I can't remember what the ology, the particular ology is of studying footprints. But yeah, there's mammoth tracks that have been found in a number of areas.

I've seen mammoth footprints, okay? I can't tell by their sneakers whether it was a mammoth or a Colombian, a woolly mammoth or a Colombian mammoth. There's actually a science of footprints. And for the life of me, I can't remember what the ology, the particular ology is of studying footprints. But yeah, there's mammoth tracks that have been found in a number of areas.

I've seen mammoth footprints, okay? I can't tell by their sneakers whether it was a mammoth or a Colombian, a woolly mammoth or a Colombian mammoth. There's actually a science of footprints. And for the life of me, I can't remember what the ology, the particular ology is of studying footprints. But yeah, there's mammoth tracks that have been found in a number of areas.

And I've seen them out on the White Sands Missile Range, which is actually quite close to the White Sands Archaeological Site, which I think we've talked about, where we have these human footprints. There's mammoth footprints all over the place. Yeah. I had to have them point it out to me that these are mammoth footprints.

And I've seen them out on the White Sands Missile Range, which is actually quite close to the White Sands Archaeological Site, which I think we've talked about, where we have these human footprints. There's mammoth footprints all over the place. Yeah. I had to have them point it out to me that these are mammoth footprints.