Professor Nora Berend
speaker
213 appearances
2 recordings
1 series
first heard Apr 2026
last heard 10 Jul
Professor Nora Berend’s voice in public audio — every appearance, attributed to the second.
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recordings per month · last 12 monthsRecordings per month over the last 12 months — 2 in all, peaking in Jul 2026 with 1.
Appearances
So to go back a little bit, in the early 8th century, an Arab-led Berber conquest arrived in the Iberian Peninsula.
And in the wake of that, al-Andalus, a Muslim society, developed.
And this al-Andalus was the main power on the Iberian Peninsula for quite a long time, until 1031, when the last caliph, Hisham III, was overthrown.
The Arabs converted to Islam were the first followers of Muhammad.
The Berbers of North Africa were relatively recently converted or not yet quite converted to Islam at this point.
So the leadership consisted of the Arabs, but a lot of the army invading the peninsula were Berbers from North Africa.
And then Al-Andalus fragmented into a lot of what are called Taifa principalities.
There were 33 of them initially.
Wow.
Exactly.
That's a nightmare.
So huge change.
And it also meant that the northern Christian kingdoms, which were slowly emerging sort of after the early 8th century, by the 11th century, there was Leon, Castile and Aragon, who were the main players on the Christian side.
They now had the upper hand.
So these Christians from the north could start raiding into the south.
We know for his father, who is Tiago Leinath, who was definitely from the aristocracy, and one source from the 12th century mentions that his mother was also from the aristocracy, but there are debates about who exactly she was.
We know that he appeared at the court of the then-infante Sancho, so a prince who later on became Sancho II.
So in the early 1060s, he appears as a warrior, and when Sancho becomes king, 1065,
Rodrigo is kind of an established warrior and he leads the king's retinues.
Okay.
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