Ranjay Gulati

It's a great question.

You know, so I would distinguish between acute bravery, which is the moment in that moment, short term, right?

Or an enduring bravery or long term bravery, which is quieter and often harder.

Yeah.

Because it shows up as persistence, endurance, recommitment.

You know, kind of having the holding on to unpopular positions, living with uncertainty and still remaining aligned with your values.

You know, Navalny's life journey unfolded not in an instinctive moment, but over a period of many years.

And at any moment, I'm sure there was temptation to give up.

So short term bravely often relies upon adrenaline, moral clarity or kind of a surge of emotion.

Long-term bravery, I think, relies more on meaning, identity, self-regulation, the ability to kind of, I would say, tolerate discomfort without burning out or even becoming cynical.

So I think we have to kind of think of these two working in consonance with each other.

So self-efficacy was a term that famous Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura really put forward.

And the idea was around that you have confidence in your own ability to take action.

I think self-efficacy then transcends into a larger can-do mindset.

I would call this the spillover effect.

And there's really good research on this.

Self-perception theory, for instance, suggests that we figure out who we are by watching what we do.

And so when we act courageously in one domain, say taking up a new sport,

You know, you prove to yourself that I am somebody who can try hard things.

And that travels with us into other aspects of what we do.