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Business Daily

Can the global economy go plastic free?

24 May 2026

Transcription

Transcript generated automatically by AI and may contain errors.

Chapter 1: What are the challenges of plastic dependency in the global economy?

0.031 - 3.696 Sam Gruet

This BBC podcast is supported by ads outside the UK.

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5.937 - 23.234 Asma Khalid

This weekend, elite athletes from around the world are descending on Las Vegas, where they'll compete with the aid of performance-enhancing drugs. That's right, steroids and growth hormones, drugs that are normally barred in professional sports. I'm Asma Khalid, and I host the Global Story podcast from the BBC.

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23.835 - 34.746 Asma Khalid

On our show, we'll dive into the world of the first-ever enhanced games, also nicknamed the Doping Olympics. For more, listen to the Global Story on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts.

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35.485 - 51.84 Unknown

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57.035 - 64.351 Sam Gruet

There's a lot of stuff going on here. Like it is definitely like a facility here. This isn't a gentrified office. There's work being done here.

64.371 - 66.055 Insia Jafaji

Yeah, there's a lot of work being done here.

66.175 - 72.208 Sam Gruet

I'm in a giant warehouse in London, UK, surrounded by industrial machinery.

72.577 - 87.239 Insia Jafaji

So we never wanted to do small-scale R&D, so we have 25-tonne injection moulders, blow moulders, so we can really mimic what happens in industry, so that we can scale this, because that's our big thing, is we want to replace billions and billions of units of plastic.

87.339 - 94.63 Sam Gruet

Standing next to me is Insia Jafaji, founder of The Shell Works, a biotech company creating compostable packaging.

Chapter 2: How are innovators in Ecuador tackling plastic pollution?

247.925 - 253.071 Unknown

Plastic particles have been found in a variety of human organs, including testicles, the liver and lungs.

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253.271 - 273.513 Insia Jafaji

Particularly the chemicals that are used in plastics have endocrine-disrupting elements. More and more is being uncovered in there, which suggests that it's not good for our long-term health. OK, so why don't we... We can do a tour. Yeah. OK, so we're going to start by going through here.

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274.034 - 279.163 Sam Gruet

Insia shows me through a sliding door into a smaller workshop. What do you want to show me then?

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279.244 - 285.002 Insia Jafaji

Well, we'll start here. So this is actually our lab and this is where we really start with the process.

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285.343 - 298.601 Sam Gruet

On top of a wooden surface is a collection of small bowls containing white pellets. OK, I didn't think I'd be coming into contact with an actual petri dish today, but... Yeah, exactly. This is science. This is taking me back to my days at school.

299.402 - 321.166 Insia Jafaji

Exactly. So you've got the microorganisms that you grow up in, things like petri dishes, they're exactly correct. You scale it up using, like, fermentation, and then you actually end up with a material that looks just like a white powder, but when you turn it into pellets, it honestly is just... Like plastic.

321.196 - 322.818 Sam Gruet

And so what's in that material then?

323.119 - 350.038 Insia Jafaji

So the material itself is basically, it's a polymer that a microorganism has grown. Different bacteria, they can grow inside of their cell, a polymer, and all we are doing is taking it outside of their cell and then processing it. So if we walk down here, this is like our material creation area, which we kind of describe as a giant Play-Doh machine.

351.301 - 353.525 Sam Gruet

We're looking at a big metal machine.

Chapter 3: What innovative technology is being used to intercept plastic waste in rivers?

496.156 - 513.658 Insia Jafaji

So really it is a scaling challenge. We need big corporates with scale to actually work with us. That's a large portion of what we as a team are working on. It's like getting contracts that are millions and millions of units because that's how you change the industry.

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513.773 - 526.371 Sam Gruet

Before I leave, I ask Insia a question that she says she gets a lot. If it looks like a plastic and it feels like a plastic and it acts like a plastic, but it doesn't biodegrade like a plastic, then why is it not being... Everywhere, yeah.

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526.531 - 547.05 Insia Jafaji

Everyone asks us. Every consumer we show this product to will be like, why is not everyone in the world using this? And yeah, it's a good question because I really do feel like now we're at the cusp where if larger corporations worked with us to use it at that level, it could be accessible to everyone. There's actually nothing else stopping us. There's no technology.

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547.41 - 554.694 Insia Jafaji

There's no scaling challenges whatsoever. We've done all of that and now it really is proving to the world that this is possible.

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555.619 - 558.732 Sam Gruet

You're listening to Business Daily from the BBC World Service.

561.226 - 578.55 Asma Khalid

This weekend, elite athletes from around the world are descending on Las Vegas, where they'll compete with the aid of performance-enhancing drugs. That's right, steroids and growth hormones, drugs that are normally barred in professional sports. I'm Asma Khalid, and I host the Global Story podcast from the BBC.

579.151 - 589.866 Asma Khalid

On our show, we'll dive into the world of the first-ever enhanced games, also nicknamed the Doping Olympics. For more, listen to the Global Story on BBC.com or wherever you get your podcasts.

594.503 - 619.38 Unknown

Nordea Private Banking

622.398 - 655.974 Sam Gruet

I'm Sam Gruet. Today, can the global economy go plastic free? We're heading to the northeast corner of South America. On a beach in Ecuador, volunteers sort through bags of plastic waste piled high on the sand. Alongside them, vultures, large and pterodactyl-like, pick through the rubbish. Much of it carried downstream from Ecuador's many rivers.

Chapter 4: How does plastic waste impact marine ecosystems and human health?

810.423 - 820.395 Andrea Lima

And for example, in one of the rivers here in the mainland of Ecuador, we can perceive that we are collecting a lot of textiles.

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820.415 - 844.02 Sam Gruet

90% of which contain plastics. Today, forms like polyester, nylon and acrylic make up about 60% of the material used in clothing around the world, according to the UN Environment Programme. Much of it, an estimated 92 million tonnes per year, ends up as waste in landfill or being incinerated.

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845.182 - 859.495 Sam Gruet

While the European Environment Agency estimates that between 2 and 500,000 tonnes of microplastic fibres from textiles enter the marine environment each year. It happens when they're worn, washed or thrown away.

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859.88 - 882.647 Andrea Lima

We already have studies that that knows that at the moment we are consuming microplastics that are coming inside our bodies, inside our brains and inside our placenta. So we are exposed to these pollutions since we are born in this world. So not taking action.

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882.627 - 894.814 Andrea Lima

will lead us to more pollution and therefore more problems in human health and more problems on different ecosystems that are important for people that live on those ecosystems.

896.06 - 899.104 Sam Gruet

From Ecuador, we're heading to Hyderabad in India.

899.404 - 921.878 Ravindra

My name is Ravindra and I am CEO, co-founder and managing director of Sri Chakra Polyplast. We collect all the post-consumer plastic waste. So mostly we source through traders and also a few startups who are also involved in collecting this waste plastic. And when the waste plastic is collected and received at our end, we do a decontamination of the plastic.

921.898 - 927.11 Ravindra

So we do segregation, we do clean it, crush it and dry it and will be used for the next phase.

929.775 - 934.285 Sam Gruet

After this first process, plastic flakes are converted into a granule resin.

Chapter 5: What are the advancements in recycling technology in India?

1075.583 - 1079.553 Sam Gruet

Back in Michaela's office, she tells me about how they use this information.

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1080.254 - 1103.526 Michaela Druckmann

What we realise essentially is that there is so much valuable materials that are being lost. And that has both an environmental impact, but it's also a missed opportunity financially. And the missing link here is access to data. There's such little information about what that wasted, where it goes, how it's being recovered. And so our mission is really to digitize global waste streams.

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1103.947 - 1112.355 Michaela Druckmann

And our vision is a vision of a world where every single piece of material in waste is actually valued as a resource and that we are recovering it in the proper way.

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1112.915 - 1117.139 Sam Gruet

Their other key focus is presenting the data back to industries.

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1117.38 - 1135.17 Michaela Druckmann

So our goal is to be in every single waste facility in the world and to make them as automated, data-driven and profitable as possible. The second side of that is how do we make the packaging industry also data driven to produce packaging that is fit for recycling.

1135.19 - 1146.927 Michaela Druckmann

And we would want to be part of every single policy reporting to bridge that gap between the recycling industry, policymakers and the packaging industry and really sit at the center of that.

1149.556 - 1165.978 Sam Gruet

Thank you to Michaela Druckmann and to all of my guests. You've been listening to Business Daily from the BBC World Service. It was produced by Megan Lawton and presented by me, Sam Gruet. To hear more episodes, search for Business Daily wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

1169.772 - 1190.893 Unknown

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1190.913 - 1198.08 Unknown

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