Chapter 1: What happens in our body when we eat sugar?
Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance. I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
Chapter 2: How do hormones like ghrelin and insulin affect hunger and sugar cravings?
Today, we are going to discuss sugar, in particular, how our nervous system regulates our sugar intake and our seeking of sugar. We are going to place sugar into its proper context. The way I want to start off by doing that is to tell you a little bit of what happens when we eat and a little bit of what the brain does to respond to those events. So what happens when we eat?
Chapter 3: What are the differences between fructose and glucose in terms of metabolism?
let's just take a, what I call top contour view of the hormonal response to ingesting food. Anytime we eat, that is the consequence of a number of things that happened before we ate. There's a hormone in our brain and body called ghrelin, spelled G-H-R-E-L-I-N. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases depending on how long it's been since we ate last, okay?
So the longer it's been since we had a meal, ghrelin levels are going to be higher and higher and higher. And it essentially makes us hungry by interacting with particular neurons in an area of the brain called the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and some other areas as well, like the lateral hypothalamus. And then when we eat, typically what happens is ghrelin levels go down.
So it's a very logical system. Now, when we eat, assuming that we eat carbohydrates, but even if we just eat some protein and some fats, we will experience a slight, or in some cases, a large rise in blood glucose.
Chapter 4: What role does the glycemic index play in managing sugar cravings?
Blood glucose is simply blood sugar. And the body and brain We should say in particular, the nervous system doesn't function well if blood sugar is too high or too low. So as a consequence, we have another hormone which is released from the pancreas, which is called insulin, which helps regulate the amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
Now, one of the chief organs for glucose utilization is the brain. Neurons are tremendously metabolically active and their preferred mode of metabolism is glucose metabolism.
Chapter 5: How can lemon juice help blunt blood glucose response?
The same thing is also true for the neurons in your body. The way that you are able to move the limbs of your body, the way you are able to perform exercise or movement of any kind for that matter is because neurons called motor neurons send electrical potentials to the muscle fibers. Those neurons are also very metabolically demanding, especially when you're doing
demanding types of physical work, but also deliberate thought, deliberately controlling the way that your brain and body is moving requires more glucose uptake, more energy in those very neurons. And this is also why after doing a long bout of exercise, you might be tired, but also if you do a bout of skill learning of any kind, or if you've been reading and thinking about what you're
or if you had a intense conversation with somebody where you're really forcing yourself to listen, that's work.
Chapter 6: How can cinnamon influence blood sugar levels?
And that work requires glucose uptake by neurons, both in the brain and in your body. Now that we've established that glucose is the preferred source of fuel for the nervous system, I like to concentrate on a few of the other types of sugars that we ingest on a common basis and the impact that those have on brain function and body function. I'd particularly like to focus on fructose.
Fructose, of course, is found in fruit. It's also found in the infamous high fructose corn syrup, which we will talk about today. It's worth pointing out that the concentrations of fructose in fruit is quite low compared to the concentrations of fructose in high fructose corn syrup.
Typically, the amount of fructose, fructose, I think is the proper pronunciation that people are always correcting me, fructose, is anywhere from 1% to about 1%. Now high fructose corn syrup is a different issue and too much consumption of anything but fructose included can be a problem for the ways that it impacts the neural circuits that process sugar, not just glucose, but fructose.
One of the key distinctions between glucose and fructose is that fructose most likely cannot directly access the brain. It actually needs to be converted into glucose in the liver.
Chapter 7: What are the effects of sleep on sugar metabolism and cravings?
And the way that conversion occurs feeds back to a set of hormones and neural pathways that we talked about earlier, which have a lot to do with appetite. And to just summarize what is now a lot of very solid data, fructose, and specifically fructose,
Chapter 8: What science-based tools can help reduce sugar cravings?
has the ability to reduce certain hormones and peptides in our body, whose main job is to suppress ghrelin.
Although I, and I think pretty much everyone out there, save for a few individuals, agrees that calories in, calories out is the fundamental principle of weight loss, weight maintenance, or weight gain, ingesting fructose shifts our hormone system, and as a consequence, our neural pathways within our brain, the hypothalamus, to be hungrier regardless of how many calories we've eaten.
So current recommendations for most people are to eat more fruits and vegetables. But for those of you that are trying to control your hunger, ingesting a lot of fructose is probably not going to be a good idea.
Certainly ingesting it from high fructose corn syrup is not going to be a good idea because of the enormous percentages of fructose in high fructose corn syrup, 50% or sometimes even more. Fructose provides a bridge for us between a particular kind of sugar, hormone function,
in this case, ghrelin, and the hypothalamus, which leads us to the next question, which is, what is it about sugar that makes it such an attractive thing for us? Why do we like it so much? And the obvious answer that most people arrive at is, well, it just tastes really, really good. But that's actually not the way it works.
The rewarding properties, as we say, of sugar, whether or not they come in the form of sucrose or fructose or foods that increase glucose to a very high level actually is not just related to the taste of the foods that produce that elevation in glucose, sucrose, or fructose. It is in part, but that's only part of the story.
And the rest of the story, once you understand it, can actually place you in a position to much better control your sugar intake of all kinds, but also your food intake in ways that can allow you to make much better choices about the foods you ingest. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and I've been taking it every day since. The reason I started taking it and the reason I still take it is because AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional supplements on the market.
It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single scoop that's easy to drink and it tastes great. It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy. And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
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