401(k) vs. Brokerage Account: Which Is Better for Retirement Savings? Plus, the National Debt Explained
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What is the U.S. national debt and why does it matter?
Confession time. How much debt are you carrying right now? If you don't want to share the details, can you at least confirm it's not trillions of dollars? Well, the U.S. government cannot say that. It's currently more than $36.2 trillion in the hole. And today, we're going to hear how that happened, how serious it is, and what it means to our personal finances. Welcome to NerdWallet's Smart Money Podcast, where you send us your money questions and we answer them with the help of our genius nerds. Sean will join us in the later half of this episode where we're answering a listener's question about investing in their 401k accounts and whether it's cool that an insurance company is in charge of managing it.
But first, our weekly money news roundup where we break down the latest in the world of finance to help you be smarter with your money. Our news colleague, Anna Helhofsky, is here to talk about the large financial hole the country is in and what it means for all of us. Hey, Anna. Hey, Elizabeth. We're going to be answering two listener questions today. And this first one is asking for a bit of an explainer. They wrote, Hi, nerds. Could you attempt to explain how we got into trillions of dollars of national debt? When was the last time we were in a surplus? Who exactly are we in debt to? Thanks. So, Ana, where do we even begin with this subject? It's really hard to wrap my brain around that figure I mentioned earlier, $36.2 trillion.
How does the government rack up that kind of debt?
It's kind of unbelievable, but let's start with what the national debt is, and then I'll explain how we got to where we are now. So the national debt is the sum total of all the money the United States government has borrowed but has not yet repaid. Like you and me, the government earns and spends money. But of course, its earning and spending is pretty different than ours. The majority of the federal government's earnings are made through tax revenue, and it spends money on programs and services for U.S. citizens. And like most debts, it has to pay the interest, too. As you mentioned, the total national debt right now is $36.2 trillion. But that's the kind of number that is so enormous that it practically loses its meaning. It feels too big to comprehend. Exactly.
And when you break down that number by how much money it owes per citizen, it's around $106,000. That's maybe a little bit easier to wrap your head around, but it's not the way that economists prefer to think about the national debt. Instead, they compare the total debt against economic growth, also known as gross domestic product, to find out what the nation's ability to repay our debt is. In other words, our debt-to-GDP ratio. At the end of fiscal year 2024, the U.S. had a debt-to-GDP ratio of 123%, which means the debt we owe is roughly 123% of our annual growth.
That is not where you want to be. So how did the debt get to $36.2 trillion, Anna?
So the national debt grows when the government spending and interest expenses grow faster than revenue can offset. Increased spending, along with tax cuts, have led to where we are now. Now, going way back in U.S. history, we've often seen national debt spikes during wars, the Revolutionary War, Civil War, World War I, and World War II. In the last couple of decades, the government borrowed a significant amount during the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, as well as the 2008 recession. And the national debt has risen every year over the last 10 years. There are two big reasons why we arrived at that $36.2 trillion amount. During the first Trump administration, we saw broad new tax cuts implemented, which meant that the federal government has been bringing in less tax revenue. And then spending increased significantly during the pandemic. From 2019 to 2021, spending increased 50%.
So who owns the debt and what is the debt made of?
Its creditors own the debt. That includes the American public, foreign governments, other securities holders, and government agencies. The national debt is made up almost entirely of treasury securities. And there are two types. Marketable securities, so assets that can be bought and sold quickly, like bonds, bills, or company shares.
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