This episode examines whether unprocessed red meat has a causal role in (1) type 2 diabetes risk and intermediate measures of glucose intolerance (insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction, glycemic markers) and (2) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While there is commonly observed risk signal from observational cohorts, there exist short-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that show largely null effects on glucose homeostasis. This had led to differing opinions and interpretations of the evidence base. Some feel that in the context of an otherwise healthy diet, there isn't much to suggest concern about consuming unprocessed red meat. While others are of the view that there does exist a risk and that limiting or even avoiding consumption is prudent. The crucial concept of replacement effects is discussed. Increasing red meat intake always means decreasing something else or increasing total energy intake. Therefore, interpreting evidence requires specifying the comparator food(s), the background dietary pattern, the dose, the cut (lean vs fatty), and how the meat is prepared. To discuss their interpretations of this contentious evidence base, Dr. Mario Kratz and Dr. Gil Carvalho join the podcast to go through the studies most directly related to these questions. Timestamps [06:20] Red meat's impact is debated [10:54] Mechanisms linking meat to diabetes [15:31] Cohort evidence on diabetes risk [24:43] Differences between cohorts and threshold effects [33:13] RCT evidence and substitution trials [45:49] Why comparator foods matter [50:43] RCT examples and mixed results [01:00:30] Is there cardiovascular risk beyond saturated fat? [01:08:10] Epidemiology patterns and dose thresholds [01:11:36] Personal recommendations and risk tolerance [01:16:19] Key ideas Related Resources Go to episode page (study links, guest bios, additional resources) Join the Sigma email newsletter for free Subscribe to Sigma Nutrition Premium Enroll in the next cohort of our Applied Nutrition Literacy course Mario's YouTube channel: Nourished By Science Gil's YouTube channel: Nutrition Made Simple!

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